vet-tech-a-p-2-test-1

• a section parallell to the long axis of the organism or part
• sagittal
• midsagittal
• frontal

• longitudinal section separating the organism into right and left parts
• parasagittal - parts are not equal

longitudinal section separating the organism into equal right and left parts

• cross-section
• section perpendicular to the long axis of the organism or part
• separates quadruped body or part into:
• - cranial portion - aka cephalic
• - caudal portion

longitudinal section separating the organism into dorsal and ventral parts

at or toward the organism's head

at or toward the organism's tail

at or toward the organism's backbone

at or toward the organism's 'belly' (underside for quadrupeds)

• at or toward the organism's forward facing part
• cranial for quadrupeds

• at or toward the organism's rearward facing part
• caudal for quadrupeds

toward the side

toward the midline

nearest to a reference point

farthest from a reference point

a point closer to the tip of the nose

direct sound waves into ears

bends posteriorly

bends anteriorly

• dorsal cavity
• - cranial cavity
• - vertebral canal
• ventral cavity
• - organs in the ventral cavity are referred to as viscera
• - thoracic cavity
• - abdominal

• pleural cavities lined with serous membranes
• - parietal pleura
• - visceral pleura (aka pulmonary pleura)
• pericardial cavity
• - region within mediastinum; between the 2 pleural cavities
• - parietal pericardium
• - visceral pericardium (aka epicardium)

• peritoneal cavity (peritoneum)
• pelvic cavity

• mesentery - anchors
• - mesoduodenum - duodenum - portion of 1st portion of small intestine; this anchors to abdominal wall
• - mesovarium - anchors portion of ovarian area
• greater omentum
• lesser omentum

• peritoneum extends into cranial portions of the cavity & covers urinary bladder & reproductive organs
• urinary bladder
• rectum
• reproductive organs
• - males outside pelvic cavity as need lower temp

• outside peritoneum
• kidneys
• part of small intestine
• pancreas

papillae on side help create vacuum when nursing

part of cardiovascular & lymph system

epithelial glandular tissue with nervous tissue in center

• do NOT have an appendix
• cecum is beginning of large intestine
• iliocecal valve between small and large intestine

• single opening with separate urethra & vagina
• divides in vestibule
• males have common passage

provides additional protection to heart

delivers blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

• carries blood away from heart
• mostly oxygenated except pulmonary & umbilical arteries

• carries blood to heart
• mostly NOT oxygenated except pulmonary & umbilical vein

7 cartilages in pig

• in sella turcica
• works with areas of CNS

• programs T-lymphocytes to recognize self vs not self
• atrophies with age

• terminal portion of forelimb
• forefoot

• distal end of hind limb
• hind foot

posture in which the heel and digits of each foot rests on the ground

form of locomotion in which the heel is elevated above the ground

structures in different species that are similar due to shared common ancestry

• any organ corresponding in function, origin, and structure to another organ
• eg the flippers of a seal correspond to human hands

• warm-blooded
• homeothermy

the maintenance of a constant body temperature despite changes in the environmental temperature

• the part of the body that lies between the neck and the abdomen
• aka chest
• is composed of a bony framework reinforced by soft parts
• contains the main organs of circulation and respiration

• the part of the body of a mammal between the thorax and the pelvis
• aka belly

whiskers

nostrils or nasal passages

nipples

The act or process of voiding or discharging undigested food as feces

• the act or process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs
• the matter, such as urine or sweat, that is so excreted.

• of or relating to the urinary and genital organs and their functions
• aka genitourinary

• The external genital organs of the female
• including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina

• 1. Relating to or involving the cervix of the uterus.
• 2. Relating to or located in or near the neck.

finger/toe

a skeletal support to which the front or upper limbs of a vertebrate are attached

the skeletal structure to which the hind limbs are attached

• the vascular organ formed in the uterus during pregnancy
• consists of both maternal and embryonic tissues
• provides oxygen and nutrients for the fetus
• transfers waste products from the fetal to the maternal blood circulation

• flexible cordlike structure connecting a fetus at the abdomen with the placenta
• contains two umbilical arteries and one vein that transport nourishment to the fetus and remove its wastes

• a vein in the umbilical cord
• returns nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus

• a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions
• in the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord
• supply deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta in the umbilical cord
• usually two umbilical arteries present together with one umbilical vein in the cord
• actually the latter of the internal iliac arteries that supply the hind limbs with blood and nutrients in the fetus
• surround the urinary bladder and then carry all the deoxygenated blood out of the fetus through the umbilical cord
• only arteries in the human body, aside from the pulmonary arteries, that carry deoxygenated blood

• aka urachus
• a fetal canal connecting the bladder with the allantois
• persists throughout life as a cord (median umbilical ligament)

• body surfaces covered with hair (pili)
• an integumentum with several types of glands
• a skull with 2 occipital condyles
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• teeth borne on bony jaws
• moveable eyelids
• pinnae
• 4 chambered heart
• muscular diaphragm separating thoracic & abdominal cavities
• endothermic
• young develop in uterus with placental attachment
• mammary glands (milk) to nourish young

• found at the base of the occipital bone on the lower back portion of the skull
• one of two kidney-shaped convex surfaces that articulate with the superior facets of the atlas bone
• each condyle is located to either side of the foramen magnum
• shape of the occipital condyle allows for nodding and very slight lateral movements of the head

the hole in the skull base through which the spinal cord enters the cranium

• synarthrosis
• amphiarthosis
• diarthrosis

• little or no movement
• sutures
• gomphosis

• fairly rigid joint between two or more bones of an animal, without significant overlap
• eg joints between skull bones

• an articulation by the insertion of a conical process into a socket
• eg the insertion of a root of a tooth into an alveolus of the mandible or the maxilla
• not a connection between true bones but is considered a type of fibrous joint

• slight movement
• gliding joints of wrist

• freely moveable
• synovial joints

• articular capsule
• - fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane
• - continuous with periosteum
• synovial fluid
• - viscous slippery fluid rich in albumin & hyaluronic acid & similar to raw egg white
• articular cartilage
• - hyaline cartilage covering the bone surfaces
• meniscus
• - pad of fibrocartilage in jaw, wrist, knee

attaches muscle to bone

attaches bone to bone

• layer of flat broad tendons
• have a shiny, whitish-silvery color
• histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
• when dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections
• primary regions with thick aponeurosis are in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region
• primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon

• short
• - carpals
• - tarsals
• irregular
• - vertebrae
• - sesamoids
• flat
• - scapular bones
• - pelvic bones
• long

• periosteum & articular cartilage
• compact & spongy bone
• endosteum
• yellow marrow

• skull
• ribcage
• vertebral column
• - cat 7C, 13T, 7L, 3S, 5-23Co
• - cattle 7, 13, 6, 5, 18-20
• - dog 7, 13, 7, 3, 20-23
• - goat 7, 13, 7, 5, 16-18
• - horse 7, 18, 6, 5, 15-21
• - pig 7, 14/15, 6/7, 4, 20-23
• - sheep 7, 13, 6/7, 4, 16-18

• landmark - spinous process points straight upward
• T11 in dogs & cats
• T16 in horses
• T13 in cattle & sheep
• T10 in swine

a tear in the outer, fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) of an intervertebral disc (discus intervertebralis) allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out

• bones of forelimbs & hind limbs
• pectoral & pelvic girdles

• ball & socket - spheroid
• ginglymus - hinge
• trochoid - pivot
• arthropoidal - gliding
• ellipsoidal - condyloid

• smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
• - head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
• - head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
• multiaxial joint

• one bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on another bone
• - ulna & humerus at elbow joint
• - femur & tibia at knee joint
• - metacarpal/phalanges
• monoaxial joint

• one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another
• first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
• - atlantoaxial joint - dens & atlas
• - radius/ulna

• flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other
• - between carpals
• - between tarsals
• limited monoaxial joint
• considered amphiarthroses

• oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next
• - between femur/tibia

• cartilage disk that acts as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet in a joint
• crescent-shaped fibrous cartilage between the bones at certain joints, esp at the knee

• immovable fibrous joins that bind the bones of the skull to each other
• serrate sutures appear as interlocking wavy lines
• between cranial bones

• attachment of a tooth to its socket is a joint called a gomphoses
• tooth held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
• - collagen fibers that extend from bone of jaw to tooth
• allows tooth to move a little while chewing

• muscular nomenclature
• - location - temporalis, dorsalis
• - shape - deltoid, trapezius
• - size - profundus, longus, maximus
• - direction of fibers - transverse, oblique, rectus
• - number of origins - biceps, triceps
• - origin & insertion - sternohyoideus
• actions
• - flexor - decreases joint angle - eg flex elbow, hand comes toward shoulder
• - extensor - increases joint angle - eg extend elbow, hand moves away from shoulder
• - abductor - draws limb away from median plane - raising arm to side
• - adductor - draws limb toward median plane - lowering arm to body

• he circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part
• eg a ball-and-socket joint or the eye
• consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
• eg "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist

• motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis
• the head rotates on the neck (C2 - axis cervical vertebrae), as in shaking the head 'no'

• point at which it attaches to a bone (usually) or another muscle
• the structure that the origin is attached to is not moved by the contraction of the muscle

• attaches to the structure that will be moved by the contraction of the muscle
• usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone

The fleshy, central part of a muscle

• also technically known as a myocyte
• a single cell of a muscle
• contain many myofibrils, the contractile unit of muscles
• are very long; a single fibre can reach a length of 30cm.

bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue

• a tissue composed of bundles of elongated cells
• capable of contraction and relaxation to produce movement in an organ or part

• epimysium
• perimysium
• endomysium

• covers whole muscle belly
• blends into connective tissue that separates muscles

• slightly thicker layer of connective tissue
• surrounds a bundle of cells called a fascicle

• thin layer of aereolar tissue surrounding each cell
• allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers

• prime mover
• muscle that actively contracts to produce a desired movement

relaxes while prime mover contracts

• aids prime mover
• increases the action of another muscle

• stabilizes origin of prime mover
• muscle whose action tends to hold a body part in a certain position or limit its movement

• gluteal muscles
• quadriceps
• gastrocnemius
• hamstring
• - Biceps femoris
• - Semimembranous
• - Semitendinosus
• Triceps brachii

• gluteal
• hamstring
• triceps
• trapezius

• gluteal
• hamstring
• triceps
• trapezius
• pectoral muscles

• semitendinosus
• brachiocephalicus
• trapezius

shivering & warmth

cells capable of shortening & converting the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy

• responsiveness (excitability)
• conductivity
• contractility
• extensibility
• elasticity

capable of response to chemical signals, stretch or other signals & responding with electrical changes across the plasma membrane (negative charge -> positive -> negative)

local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

cell shortens when stimulated

capable of being stretched

returns to its original resting lengh after being stretched/contracted

• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth

• voluntary - under concious control
• striated
• - exhibits alternating light & dark transverse bands (striations)
• - reflects overlapping arrangement of internal contractile proteins (actin & myosin)
• attached to one or more bones
• muscle fibers (myofibers) as long as 30 cm

basis of warm-up, strength, endurance & fatigue

• involuntary
• striated
• in comparison to skeletal muscle
• - cells shorter, thicker, branched & linked to each other at intercalated discs
• autorhythmic due to pacemaker cells
• uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively

• involuntary
• no visible straiations, sarcomeres, or Z discs
• fusiform (spindle shaped) cells with one nucleus (fat in middle, taper at ends)
• nerve supply is autonomic, if any is present
• found in walls of hollow organs, around blood vessels (wrapping)

• in lab after you are given the origin,
• insertion and the action(s) of the muscle
• including but not limited to:
• Abdominal muscles
• Biceps brachii
• Brachiocephalic
• Deltoideus
• Digastricus
• Gastrocnemius
• Gluteous superficialis
• Gluteous medius
• Gracilis
• Hamstrings
• Latissimus dorsi
• Masseter
• Pectoralis superficialis
• Pectoralis profundus
• Quadricepts
• Sartorius
• Trapezius
• Triceps brachii