Lungs and respiration

• apex of lung (top)
• part of lung that can emerge above first rib

• Cardiac notch: on L lung
• Aortic: on L lung
• Azygos: on R lung
• Superior vena cava: on R lung
• Esphageal: on both lungs
• Trachea: on both lungs
• Diaphragm: on both lungs
• Thymus gland: on both lungs

• "root of lung"
• medial
• Contains: bronchi, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary ligament (inferior extension of pleura, double fold, that surrounds hilum)

• First place with just air
• lies between C3-C6
• Guards airway and houses vocal cords in thyroid cartilage
• cricoid - only round cartilage - connects larynx and trachea

• 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings
• lies between C6-T4
• divides into two primary bronchi
• lined with cilia that beat upwards to remove mucus (nicotine slows beating of cilia)

• cartilage at split of the trachea
• has extra nerves that cause coughing if something gets that far down in airway

• straighter and shorter
• enters lung at hilum

• longer to go around heart
• enters lung at hilum

division of main bronchi at hilum: 2L, 3R

Divisions of lobar bronchi: 8-10 on L; 10 on R

• branches of segmental bronchi
• first branches with no cartilage
• more smooth muscle --> allows for constriction to adjust airflow
• conduction bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

• site of gas exchange
• alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

3 on R, 2 on L

• segment of lung that has its own airway and blood supply and is seperated from other segments by connective tissue
• can be seperately ausculated to listen for congestion

• Superior lobe: Apical, Posterior, Anterior
• Middle lobe: Lateral, Medial
• Lower lobe: Superior, Anterior Basal, Medial Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior Basal

• Superior lobe: Apical, Posterior, Anterior, Superior Lingular, Inferior Lingular
• Inferior lobe: Superior, Anterior Basal, Medial Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior Basal

collapse of one segment of lung due to a blockage of a segmental bronchus

collapsed lung

insertion of needle through intercostal space into pleural space to obtain fluid sample or remove blood/fluid

• cervical
• mediastinal
• costal
• diaphragmatic

• space between base of lungs and diaphragmatic surface of parietal pleura
• two ribs wide
• can stick chest tube here

• Midclavicular line: 6th rib
• Midaxillary line: 8th rib
• Scapular line: 10th rib

• Midclavicular line: 8th rib
• Midaxillary line: 10th rib
• Scapular line: 12th rib

Matches up with rib 4

match up with SP T4 posteriorly, rib 6 anteriorly

• occurs in lower ribs
• costotransverse joints glide/slide to allow lateral portion of ribs to move up and down

• upper ribs pushing sternum anteriorly
• costotransverse joint is concave/convex which allows anterior end of rib to move up and down

• Quiet: diaphragm, external intercostals
• Forced/Active: scalenes, SCM, levator costarum, pectoralis major

• Quiet: none
• Forced/Active: transverse thoracis, internal intercostals, all four abdominal muscles, serratus posterior inferior