Mitchell’s Stage: Late or adult adolescence 16-20. Physically and mentally adult. Social roles are adolescent.
Stage III---Late (or Adult) Adolescence
How do I feel about myself?
Self Esteem
Attributes that individuals believe characterize themselves.
Self Concept
mental organization of experience
Cognition
application of cognition for purpose
Thinking
know what you know and what needs to be known to achieve a goal
Metacognition
Changes that occur during Cognitive Development:
Think about events removed in time and space
Consider all possible alternatives
Formulate and test hypotheses
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
The ability to talk about talking
Metalinguistics
Ability to reason systematically and logically about abstract ideas that have no basis in reality. (to dream, to imagine)
Formal operations
Boys outperform girls on traditional tasks (problem solving,math,science) True or False?
True
Boys are more likely to apply to interpersonal situations. True or False?
False
When an individual perceives similarities and differences between objects/events, this is called.
Inductive Reasoning/Analogies
A form of argument that contains two premises and a
conclusion that follows logically from those premises.
Deductive Reasoning/Syllogisms
What are Bloom’s six major levels within the cognitive domain:
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Categorized by characteristics, concrete functions, and abstract functions.
Conceptual Development
How to evaluate thinking
Purposeful and exact
Disciplined and comprehensive
Relevant, accuracy, precise, clear, etc.
(these are all parts of what?)
Critical Thinking
Figurative language that has little relationship between the literal and figurative: Ex: Beating around the bush.
Opaque (harder to learn)
Figurative language that is a little more closely related, (skating on thin ice) about to be in trouble (easier to learn).
Transparent
“Every cloud has a silver lining” is an example of a _____.
Proverb
Words or unattached fragments that is not essential to the message
Mazes
Literate verbs
Presuppositional (regret, promise)
Metalinguistic (predict,infer)
Metacognitive (hypothesize, observe)
Adverbs of Likelihood and magnitude
Likelihood: possibly, definitely
Magnitude: Extremely, Considerably
The ability to divide perceived words into their smallest grammatical units.
Morphological Rules
The awareness of differences and similarities between phonemes
Phonological Skills
The ability to combine sounds into larger units.
Synthesis
The ability to rapidly recognize and retrieve letters and words.
Sequential Memory
The ability to distinguish and discriminate letter shapes and sizes
Visual Perceptual Ability
The ability to attend to and to simultaneously decode and comprehend the text.
Attention
The ability to perceive relationships between words that rhyme.
Auditory Perceptual Skills
At this stage, they do not understand that writing represents sound.
Preliterate (Emergent)
At this stage, they can spell only simple sight words.
Letter-Name (Alphabetic)
At this stage, they can spell single syllables, spelling most sight words, invented spellings.
Within-Word Pattern
At this stage, they can appreciate the connection between meaning and spelling.
Syllable Juncture
At this stage, they are learning that words with the same derivation share the same spelling pattern.
Derivational Relations
IF IT FITS
Vocabulary
ABCDE
General Idea of a passage
RAP-Q
Main idea
ASK 5W 1H Answer
Comprehending details
STOP
Prewriting
SCAN
Editing
Conversations, narrations, expository language, persuasion, and negotiations are all types of:
Discourse
Propositions (idea units) composed of a predicate and related arguments
Locutions
The Speakers Intentions
Illocutions
The Listener’s Interpretations
Perlocutions
What are the series of moves for Conversation:
introduce a topic
maintain a topic
elaborate (expand on a conversation topic)
extend
change ( how do they change topic-ok new topic)
request clarification
respond to requests for clarification
What are the Four Fundamental Rules of Conversation:
Quantity: informativeness
Quality: sincerity (are they being honest)
Relationships: topic management
Manner: how to be clear
Between oral and literate language
Personal experience narrative (tell about how something happens)
Extended monologues (bring up subject of politics-you may hear a 10 min lecture)
Longer, more elaborate than conversation
"Story Markers" like an introduction and closing
Listener is passive (not a lot of verbal comments)
Speaker needs to be organized, coherent, interesting
MLU is longer than in conversation
Narration
In this type of story, whatever has the client's attention: they tell about whatever catches their attention.
Heap Stories
In this type of story, characters, objects, events go together because of a perceived relationship, not chronological order.
Sequence Stories
In this type of story, first use of inference, logical order: (I saw DOG, the dog was brown)
Primitive narratives
In this type of story, there is no theme or plot.
Chained narrative (focused and unfocused)
In this type of story, there is logical, cause-effect, plot.
True Narrative
This type of discourse includes Comparisons, explanations, and Purpose is to instruct.
Expository Language
What is the biggest difference between narratives and expository language?
The Purpose: The narrative is to entertain and the expository is to inform.
This type of Discourse includes:
Argument
Polite/bargain (what if we did this, and then we could do that)
Take the listener's perspective (they learn to figure out what the parent wants)
Can refuse it of others
Persuasion
This type of Discourse includes:
Even older students don't master
Older students are more aware of others wants and needs
Look at long term consequences
More interested in conflict resolution
Negotiation
Nonverbal Purposes
Repetition
Contradiction
Substitution (prefer to do something different)
Complementation
Accentuation
Regulation
Nonverbal Components
Kinesics
Physical
Touching
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Artifacts (ex: amount of perfume someone wears)
What are the two components of Reading?
Decoding and Comprehension
Stage I of reading: Grades 1-2: Phonological Analysis
Decoding
Stage II of reading: Grades 2-4: Fluency in reading
Automaticity
Stage III of reading: Grades 4-8: Adolescents; having to do a lot more reading; better comp.
Reading to Learn
Stage IV of reading: Grades 8-12: inferences; requires them to look at diff views
Reading for Ideas
Stage V of reading: College/Post High School
Critical Reading
The ability to attend to and to simultaneously decode and comprehend text
Attention
The ability to understand relationships between complex spoken sentences
Syntax
The ability to understand the meanings of language
Semantics
The ability to access stored lexical knowledge
Memory
The ability to envision the scene described by the author
Imagery
The ability to quickly identify the topic/situations of the paragraph
Pragmatics
The ability to find evidence in a passage to support logical generalizations and conclusions
Higher Level Cognitive Skills
What are the Processes of Writing?
1. Planning: a stage of which they are retrieving information and organizing it
2. Generating sentences: they are putting ideas into words/structure
3. Revising: rewrite to prove what you have written
A specific second language error is firmly entrenched in the second language
Fossilization
A process wherein a language behavior from the first language is carried over to the second language
Interference
Alternating between two languages based on the situation
Code Switching
As they learn to speak a second language consistently, they lose their first language.
Language Loss
Grammatical Contrasts of _______:
Triple negatives (Don't hardly have none)
Double modals (might could)
Habitual state (be verb) (continuous action)
AAE
Grammatical Contrasts of ______.
Omitted: articles, subject pronouns
No before verb, "no" used for "don't"
No noun-verb inversion in questions
Latino English
Grammatical Contrasts of _______.
omitted/uninflected; "to be"
Preposition-misuse or omitted
Auxiliary- omitted or uninflected
Articles- omitted or overgeneralized
Conjunctions-omitted
different word orders
confusion: subjective/objective, demonstratives
Double marking of negation
Asian English
Semantic
-Whole Concept rather than linear
-Move from whole to parts
-No words for time
- No future Tense verbs
Pragmatic
-Bragging is rude
-Give advice or information only when asked
-Avoid eye-contact to show respect
-Polite to have a time lapse between asking a question and answering
Native American English
SEMANTIC
-Lexical differences-some coming into mainstream
PRAGMATIC
-Indirect eye contact when listening, direct when speaking
-Direct questions are harassment
-Personal questions are improper and intrusive
-Competitive participation in conversation
African American English
SEMANTIC
-Number, color and letter words have less emphasis
-Names and labels are emphasized, especially of relative (family)
PRAGMATICS
-Hiss to get attention
-Direct eye contact is a challenge
-Business conversations are preceded by lengthy unrelated conversations
Latino English
SEMANTICS
-Literal translations from native language
-Difficulty with idioms and colloquialisms
PRAGMATICS
-Interrupting is impolite
-Kinship terms are very important
-Public affection is not acceptable
Asian English
-Lookat the role of speaking the socialization of children
-Concernfor Sociocultural context of language use
-Aware of typical development in children from diverse cultures
Ethnography in Intervention
What are the Purposes we have for Intervention with Older Students?
1. We need to know the strengths and weaknesses of the people we are working with
2. We need to have them be aware of the problem (when old enough to understand)
3. We need to think about the need to have them be active participants
What are the three parts of the “Class Meeting”?
self reports
Issues or problems
Reinforcement and Compliments
This Intervention Approach involves teaching something that is close to their achievement level.
Basic Skills
This Intervention Approach involves instruction in academic content areas.
Tutorial Approach
This Intervention Approach involves focusing on equipping students to function in society.
Functional Approach
This Intervention Approach involves techniques, principles, or rules that facilitate the acquisition, manipulation, integration, storage, and retrieval of information across situations and settings. (most appropriate)
Learning Strategies Approach
Applying a strategy from one situation to another.
Bridging
A human comes between the stimulus and the organism/response.
Mediation
In secondary classes the main activity is this, which is why heavy emphasis should be placed on this ability.
D. Listening (97% of time)
Prelistening Strategies
Knowledge of barriers and how to avoid: (noise, location)