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jcarlson
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are mostly found in animal products, such as butter, meat, and cheese (as well as tropical oils)
saturated fatty acids
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_______________ of vegetables oils result in the formation of trans-fatty acids
hydrogentation
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plant products such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds are the main source of __________________
unsaturated fatty acids
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____________ are the main constituits of dietary fats
long chain triglycerides
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______________ are present in shortening, hard margerine, and baked goods such as crackers, cookies, fried items
trans fatty acids
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linoleic and ________ are essential fatty acids
linolenic
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__________ can be found in safflower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, seasame, and sunflower oils, (omega 6)
linoleic
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canola oil and olive oil are good sources of ___________
monounsaturated fatty acids
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triglycerides consist of fatty acids and _______
glycerol
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____________ is a fat soluble component synthesized by the liver and also found in animal sources (milk, eggs, meat)
cholesterol
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______ is a macronutrient most often associated with development of obesity and cardiovascular disease
fat
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_______ transport lipids and cholesterol in the blood
lipoproteins
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cholesterol is mainly stored in the ______
liver
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_________ are chronic disease conditions associated with elevated blood lipid and lipoprotein concentraitons (too much fat in the blood)
hyperlipidemias
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long-term consequences of a diet high in fat, saturated, trans, and cholesterol include the development of ___________ plaques.
atheroma
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atheroma plaques do what to the blood flow and lead to the development of coronary heart disease
impair
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cardiovascular disease
abnormal condition of the heart and blood vessels
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abnormal condition of the heart and vascular system (broad term)
heart disease
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atherosclerosis
accumulation of cholesterol and lipid deposits on the arterial walls
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inability of heart to pump blood to the body
heart failure
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accumulation of cholesterol and lipid, narrowing of the arteries of the heart
coronary heart disease
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what are lipoproteins
mixture of cholesterol, triglycerides, etc.
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how are lipoproteins classified
- weight,
- heavier- more protein
- lighter- more fat
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made in the intestine, made from fat from diet, exogenous lipid, and largest lipid = lightest lipid
chylomicrons
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bring fat and cholesterol to the liver,
Job: reverse transport, heaviest, mostly protein, smallest lipid
HDL
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lipid made from extra calories, endogenous, made in liver, mainly triglyceride
VLDL
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mostly cholesterol, made in blood, it is 70% cholesterol in the blood
LDL
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to much cholesterol in the blood
hypercholesterolemia
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to much triglyceride in the blood
hypertriglyceridemia
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to much lipoprotein in the blood
hyperlipoproteinemias
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blood pressure on the increase on at constant high
hypertension
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impairs blood flow in the brain
stroke
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lack of blood flow
ischemia
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lack of blood flow to the brain
ischemic stroke
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reduction of blood supply to heart muscles
myocardial ischemia
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intense pain and constricting pain with chest due to myocardial ischemia caused by inadquete oxygen supply to the heart muscle
angina pectoris
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inadequete blood flow causing necorosis in which part of the heart dies and then not able to pump enough blood to the body causing kidney to make blood volume rise -> to much sodium and water in body -> edema
congestive heart failure
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heart attack or death of parts of heart that lead to not enough oxygen or blood supply
myocardial infarction
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thread cathedar through artery to break blockage with inflated balloon.
angioplasty
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vein in leg taken to bypass blockage in heart
CABG
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high levels of lipid - causing fat nobules
xanthomata
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risk factors of CHD
- age 55 +
- male
- sedendary
- abdominal obesity
- BMI >25
- smoking
- diabetes
- family history
- diet high in fats
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elevated total blood cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and low HDL are main types of what?
hyperlipidemias
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type of hyperlipoproteinemias
elevated chylomicrons
caused by heredity
type 1
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#1 most common and occuring heart disease
^ LDL ^ VLDL
Type 2b
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common with diabetes mellitus and ^ triglycerides
Type 4
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total summery of labatory tests including: fasting blood total, LDL, HDL, triglycerides
blood lipid profile
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Dietary components:
Effect: heart disease, obesity, ^ blood lipids
Sources: butter, oils, fried foods
Fat
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Dietary components:
Effect: heart disease patients, increase LDL,
Sources: lauric, palmitic, and mystric fats (tropical oils)
Saturated fatty acids
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Dietary components:
Effect: raises LDL and lowers HDL
Sources: crisco, hard margerines
trans fatty acids
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Dietary components:
Effect: lowers LDL, keeps HDL constant
Sources: olive, peanut and canola oil
monounsaturated fatty acids
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Dietary components:
Effect: lowers LDL and HDL
Sources: corn, sunflower, safflower oil
polyunsaturated fally acids from FA
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Dietary components:
Effect: raise HDL, contains omega 3
Sources: precursor to prostigladins which dialate blood vessels while boosting immunity and decreases inflammation
polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish
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Dietary components:
Effect: lowers total cholesterol, binds bile
Sources: BEANS! oranges, apples, oats
soluble fiber
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Dietary components:
Effect: decreases fat intake, does not effect blood cholesterol, displaces fat in diet
Sources: wheat, rye, brown rice, pasta
insoluble fiber
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Dietary components
:Effect: lowers blood cholesterol
Sources: vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, soybeans
plant sterols
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Total lifestyle change diet for treatment of hypercholestelmia in adults, diet should provide ____ % of energy intake as saturated and ___ % as trans fatty acids
7% and 1%
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prevention and treatment of hypercholestermia in adults states that diet should provide <___mg cholesterol daily
300
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Total lifestyle change diet should provide < ____ mg cholesterol daily
200
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Target values of those at high risk of CHD
total Cholesterol: <____mg
HDL: >_____mg
LDL: <_____mg
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optimal triglyceride concentration: <___mg
150
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optimal blood pressure for healthy individuals
120/80
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what blood pressure corresponds to high blood pressure (hypertension)
140/90
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What is the Dash diet?
is a healthy diet low in sodium and rich fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products.
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recommendations of DASH diet?
- 8-10 servings of veggies and fruits
- 2-3 servings in low fat milk products
- rich in dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc
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benefits of DASH diet?
reduce elevated blood pressure and elevated blood lipids
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one teaspoon of table salt contains ___ mg sodium
2325
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main medications used for management of high blood pressure?
- Thiazide diuretics
- beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
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lipids originating in the diet are absorbed and transported in the lymph to the liver by?
chylomicrons
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AI for sodium? __g/per day
1.5 = 3.8g salt a day
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UL for sodium? ____ mg
2300 = 5.9g of salt
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Dietary guidelines for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?
Total lifestyle change diet
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recommendations of total lifestyle change diet?
Total fat ___%
SFA __% tras FA ___%
PUFA__%
MUFA__%
cholesterol <___ mg
carbohydrates___-___%
Protein ___%
Energy _______
alcohol _________
- 25-35%
- <7 <1
- 10%
- 20%
- <200
- 50-60%
- 15%
- control
- moderation
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cardioprotective effects of EPA and DHA
decrease ?
increase?
- decrease triglyceride, LDL, blood platelet reactivity
- increase endothial relaxation and vasodialation
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dietary recommendations for clients given coumiden to limit effects of nutrient-drug interaction? vitamin ___?
- vitamin K!
- constant vit. k intake such as spinach, cabbage, brocolli
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adequete intakes of ______ recommended, deficiency thought to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in elderly.
folate, pyridoxine, and vit. B12
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what side or heart?
____ side pumps blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen
right side
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what side of heart?
______ side pumps blood with its oxygen load throughout body
left side
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chronic elevation in blood pressure is what disease?
hypertension
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causes of hypertension?
what kind of nutrients? lack? to much?
lifestyle factors?
- excess sodium, lack calcium, magnesium, and potassium
- smoking, no exercise, diet, obesity
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what reactive-protein measures the inflammatory response?
C reactive protein
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DASH diet
increase what ?
decrease what?
limit to _____mg of sodium on this diet?
increase: calcium, potassium, fiber
decrease: sodium, saturated fat, alcohol
2400
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how many mg of sodium
pasta ___
cereal____
bread____
milk____
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DASH diet provides how many gm of potassium a day?
4-6
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DASH diet provides how many cups of dairy per day?
3
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what benefits do nuts have for the body especially those with hypertension
contain nitrous oxide- dialate blood vessels, lower bp, maintain wt.
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where are chylomicrons formed?
in gut after meal
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VLDL are formed where?
liver
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LDL are formed where? by what?
blood by VLDL
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HDL are synthesized where? and released where?
liver to blood
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CHD risk factors
- genetics
- smoking
- lifestyle
- diet
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Process of CHD
(4 steps)
1.
2.
3.
4.
- 1. injury to the lining of the artery
- 2. body tries to repair damage
- 3.monocytes go to blood vessel walls maturing to macrophages
- 4.macropahges consume oxidized fatty acids causing buildup and scar tissue inhibiting blood flow, promoting clots
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how can homocysetine be kept at low levels? what nutrients? (3)
folacin, b-6 and b-12
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thickening of blood vessel walls caused by presence of plaque.... can cause CAD, CHF, MI, stroke
atherosclerosis
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treatment of atherosclerosis?
type of diet
type of foods
- total lifestyle change diet
- food: fruits, vegetables, grains, fiber
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what is ischemic heart disease
inadequete blood supply to the heart
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treatment of ischemic heart disease
- decrease oral intake
- clear liquids
- smaller meals
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what is heart failure?
impairment of the ventricles capacity to eject or fill with blood
main cause: structure or function damage
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treatment of heart failure?
watch for what to nutrients?
treat underlying cause, control symptoms
SODIUM and WATER
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Heart failure implications:
malnutrition/wasting, fatigue and anorexia is what disease?
cardiac cachexia
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