-
risks of teenage pregnancy
- birth defects
- infant death
- low birth rate
- lower responsiveness to babies
-
infertility prevalence
8.5% of couples
-
infertility defined
a couple who has tried to become pregnant for a year
-
infertiity in men
- low sperm count
- low sperm motility
- infectious disease
- overheating of the testes
- smoking
-
infertility in women
- irregular ovulation
- poor egg quality
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- aging
- obstruction or malfunctions of the reproductive tract
-
enhancing fertility
- natural methods: timing sexual intercourse
- medical interventions: clomid
-
infertillity options
- artificial insemination
- In Vitro fertilization
- surrogate mother
- adoption
-
Prenatal Development
normal gestation 280 days
-
prenatal development 3 periods
- germinal stage - first 2 weeks
- embryonic stage - 3-8 weeks
- fetal stage - 3rd month - birth
-
germinal stage
- blastocyst - cells separate into groups that will become different structures
- inner part of blastocyst has two distinct layers that form a thickened mass of cells alled embryonic disk, these cells eventually become the fetus
-
embryonic stage
- development follows cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (near to far)
- 1/3 of misscarriages happen during this stage
- head and blood vessels form
- arms buds and legs appear
- nervous system and brain develop
- display rudimentary behavior patterns, such as heartbeat, respiration, and whole body jerky movements
- amniotic fluid
- placenta
-
fetal stage
- major organ systems at end of first trimester
- second trimester consists of further maturation and gain in size
-
3 months pregnant
- fingers begin to open close, mouth sucks, face formed, eyes, ears, nails on fingers and toes
- fatigue, sleeplessness, frequent urination, nausea, constipation, heart burn, food aversions or cravings, headaches, dizziness
-
6 months pregnant
- breathing motions, hears mother, cortex of brain develops, strong grip, open/close eyes, vocal cords functional, hiccups, lanugo, vernix
- feelings baby kick, heartburn, headaches, dizziness, nasal congestion, bleeding gums, increased appetite
-
lanugo
- grows on eyes and scalp
- sometimes present at birth
- usually shed at 7 or 8 months gestation
-
vernix
- cheesy like substance that covers a baby's skin
- protects skin from amniotic fluid
-
Tetratogens
environmental agents responsible for birth defects
-
amniocentesis
- performed on mother 14-16 weeks gestation
- needle takes cells from amniotic fluid, cells are grown in a culture and examined for chromosomal abnormalities
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