KIN 2509 Ch 5

the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the skin, diseases of the skin, and the relationship of cutaneous lesions to systemic disease

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin disease

a group of inherited disorders that produce a deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes (or eyes only) related to an abnormality in the production of melanin

generic term for an agent (usually a hormone - testosterone, androsterone) that stimulates the activity of accessory male sex organs or encourages the development of male characteristics (masculinization)

• referring to a kind of tissue that does not have blood vessels
• not receiving a sufficient supply of blood in tissue (result of blockage by blood clot or deliberate stoppage of flow during surgery)
• nonvascular

dense connective tissue strands or fibers of the tendons, ligaments, and fascia

scattered in various directions; dispersed

• a very small duct
• duct = to lead, carry
• ule = small, minute

the pigment produced by melanocytes that gives color to hair, skin, and the choroid of the eye

• a melanin-forming cell
• those of the skin are found in the lower epidermis

any microorganism capable of producing disease

• minute opening, especially on the epithelial surface
• the opening of the secretory duct of a sweat gland

an oily, fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands of the skin

containing, or pertaining to, sebum

platelike, scaly, or covered with scales

arranged in layers

• beneath the skin
• hypodermis

• sweat-secreting
• refers to glands of the skin

the skin (largest organ of the body) and its accessory structures - glands, hair, nails

• Thermoregulation
• Bacterial protection
• Sensory functions
• Sweat and sebum production

• epidermis: outer layer
• dermis: inner layer
• subcutaneous layer: beneath the dermis

• protective layer of skin
• composed of stratified squamous epithelium that varies in thickness
• avascular - does not contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels or nerve endings
• depends on the rich supply of blood vessels in the dermis for nourishment and skin tone

• four or five cellular layers
• stratum corneum: outermost layer
• stratum germinativum: innermost layer (basal layer)

• horny layer of epidermis
• consists of many layers of dead cells filled with a hard, horny protein - keratin
• keratin continuously flakes away
• effective barrier against pathogens and most chemicals
• keratin is relatively waterproof - minimizes loss of water & prevents dehydration; prevents entry of excess water into body

• location of continuous cell division
• new basal cells multiply and are pushed up towards the stratum corneum
• as the cells are pushed up, they flatten, shrink, and become filled with keratin

• corium
• lies under the epidermis
• consists of dense connective tissue that is rich with blood and lymph vessels, nerve endings, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles
• all of the structures are embedded in deep connective tissue containing collagenous and elastic fibers

the ability of skin to stretch due to the combination of collagenous and elastic fibers

the ability of skin to return to its original shape after extension or contraction due to the combination of collagenous and elastic fibers

• stretch marks
• in cases of extreme stretching (pregnancy, obesity, edema), small tears occur that are originally red
• they do not disappear - turn to silvery white streaks

• hypodermis
• another connective tissue layer that binds the dermis to the underlying structures (adipose tissue)
• collagenous and elastic fibers reinforce the hypodermis particularly on the plams and soles where the skin is firmly attached to underlying structures

• contains lipocytes (fat cells)
• the amount of adipose tissue in the hypodermis varies with sex, age, region of the body, and nutritional state of the individual

• glands
• hair
• nails

• excrete substances through ducts
• Ex - sweat glands & oil glands

• sweat glands
• secrete persperation or sweat onto the surface of the skin through pores
• main function - help maintain body temp. and excrete certain wastes
• located primarily on the palms, soles, forehead, and armpits (axillae)

• modified sudoriferous glands
• found only in the external auditory canal (ear canal)
• secrete cerumen (earwax) - water and insect repellent; protects tympanum (eardrum) from drying out
• excessive secretion of cerumen can interfere with hearing

• located in the dermis
• produce an oily substance known as sebum
• secrete sebum through ducts into the hair follicle
• sebum is dissipated to the surface of the skin where it protects, lubricates, and helps to waterproof the skin
• androgens regulate the production and secretion of sebum (increases during adolescence)

fat

fat

a fat cell

• a benign fatty tumor
• adipoma

skin

skin

skin

under the skin

• under the skin
• subcutaneous

inflammation of the skin

sweat

sweat

abnormal condition of sweat

profuse sweating

tissue

tissue

a tissue-forming cell

study of the microscopic structure of tissue

• dry, scaly
• fishlike

• abnormal condition of dry, scaly skin (resembling fish skin)
• congenital disorder of keritinization (hard tissue) characterized by non-inflammatory dryness and scaling of the skin
• it can also be acquired and is often associated with other defects & abnormalities of lipid (fat) metabolism

horny tissue, har, cornea

an abnormal condition characterized by the formation of horny growths

fungus

abnormal condition of a skin infection caused by a particular fungus

nail

nail

abnormal softening of the nail

pertaining to a fingernail or toenail

hair

hair

a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin

any disease of the hair

hardening, sclera

abnormal hardening of the skin

sebum, sebaceous

excessive secretion or discharge of sebum

scale

relating to or covered with scales

dry

• dryness of the skin
• mild form of ichthyosis

white

white

white blood cell

yellow

yellow

yellow

abnormal condition characterized by yellowness of the skin, which may indicate a liver disease

abnormal condition characterized by yellowness of the skin that is an indication of other abnormalities

yellowish discoloration of the skin

blue

• bluish discoloration of the skin
• cyanosis
• condition caused by deficient oxygenation of blood, as seen in drowning victims

red

red

red

redness of the skin cause by a capillary dilation

relating to a redness of the skin

red blood cell

black

• any of a group of malignant neoplasms that originate in the skin and are made up of melanocytes
• "black tumor"

without, not

through, across

above, upon

excessive, above normal

abnormal condition characterized by inadequate perspiration or sweating

• condition of profuse sweating
• sudoresis

loosening of the epidermis

• abnormal condition of excessive sweating
• sudorrhea

under, below

under, below

pertaining to beneath the nail of a finger or toe

skin

specialist in the study of

study of

resembling

disease

surgical repair

instrument to cut

• hardening of the skin
• chronic manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis in which the skin is taut, firm, and edematous (thus limiting movement)

resembling fat

any disease of the skin

• surgical repair of the skin
• plastic surgery of the skin (as by skin grafting)

an instrument for cutting thin slices of skin for grafting

a localized collection of pus in any body part, resulting from the invasion of a pyogenic (pus-forming) bacterium

an inflammatory papular and pustular eruption of the skin

• an eruption (predominantly on the face, upper back, and chest) made up of comedones (blackheads), cysts, papules, and pustules on an inflammatory base
• the condition occurs in most people during puberty and adolescence because of increased secretion of androgens

• partial or complete absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; baldness
• the condition may be due to the aging process, disease, injury, or treatment (chemotherapy)

• malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis that is locally invasive but rarely metastasizes
• the condition occurs most frequently on areas of the skin exposed to the sun

• pyogenic infect of the skin, or abscess
• the most common sites of these lesions are hairy parts of the body exposed to irritation, pressure, friction, or moisture

inflammation of cellular or connective tissue

firm scar tissue that forms in the healing of a sore or wound

blackhead; discolored dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

• an injury in which the skin is not broken, caused by a blow to the body and characterized by swelling, discoloration, and pain
• the immediate application of cold may limit the development of a contusion
• bruise

closed sac or pouch in or under the skin with a definate wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material

• a cyst filled with sebum (fatty material) from a sebaceous gland
• the cyst may enlarge as sebum collects and may become infected

inflammation of the skin

• an acute or subacute form of dermatitis characterized by dry or moist greasy scales
• common sites are the scalp, eyelids, face, external surfaces of the ears, axillae, breasts, groin, and gluteal folds

fungal infection of the skin

• a chronic skin disease characterized by remissions and exacerbations of a scaling, red, macular rash
• lesions contains plugged follicles & are atrophic
• in one form - lesions are above the chin
• second form - lesions on rest of body below chin
• thought to be an autoimmune disorder
• 5x more common in women

black and blue mark on the skin caused by hemorrhages into the skin from injury or by leakage of blood from blood vessels underneath the skin

generic term for inflammatory condition of the skin; superficial dermatitis of unknown cause

redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes resulting from dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries

abnormal redness of the skin, usually related to widespread areas of erythema

viral infection characterized by a rash

an abscess involving the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue

necrosis or death of tissue, usually the result of ischemia (loss of blood supply), bacterial invasion, and subsequent putrefaction (decomposition of proteins by bacteria)

one of a variety of inflammed, granular-appearing tissues; a benign mass of granulation tissue

a word used to indicate vesicular eruption caused by a virus, especially herpes simplex or herpes zoster, and the condition commonly called cold sore or fever blister

an acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or occasionally on the face, which mainly affects adults

condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or presences of hair in unusual places, especially in women

excessive perspiration often caused by heat, hyperthyroidism, strong emotion, menopause, or infection

a condition in which the skin is dry and scaly, resembling fish skin

a hereditary form of ichthyosis with two genetically distinct types - dominant & sex-linked

• produced by an autosomal dominant gene
• characterized by dry, rough, scaly skin
• not present at birth; usually noticed between the ages of 1 & 4 yrs
• many cases improve in later life

• a form of ichthyosis present only in men
• transmitted by a woman as a recessive gene

inflammatory skin disease characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted & rupture

a vascular malignancy that is often first apparent in the skin or mucous membranes but may involve the viscera

an overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of a wound of the skin

any horny growth on the skin (e.g. callus or wart)

a horny, premalignant lesion of the skin caused by excessive exposure to sunlight

a benign skin tumor that may be pigmented, made up of immature epithelial cells

wound or irregular tear of the flesh

• a wound, injury, or pathological change in body tissue
• benign, cancerous, gross, occult, or primary

• a benign growth made up of fatty tissue
• synonymous with adipoma

any of a group of malignant, darkly pigmented neoplasms that originate in the skin and are made up of melanocytes

a pigmented skin blemish that is usually benign but may become cancerous

inflammation of the nailbed

infestation with lice

minute or small hemorrhagic spot on the skin

itching, which may be a symptom of a process such as an allergic reaction

chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by bleeding into the skin

small elevation of skin filled with lymph or pus

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite

any of several common skin conditions in which an overproduction of sebum by the sebaceous glands results in excessive oiliness or dry scales

see herpes zoster

a slow-growing malignant tumor of squamous epithelium

the formation of pus

• a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease involving multiple organ systems and marked by periods of exacerbation and remission
• characterized by a butterfly rash over the nose

any fungal skin disease, frequently caused by ringworm

an open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

• an inflammation, sore, or ulcer in the skin over a bony prominence caused by impaired circulation in a portion of the body surface from lying in one position over a prolonged period of time
• pressure sore or bedsore

allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale-red elevated patches called wheals (hives)

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

• thermal: most common; caused by contact with hot substances, fire, steam, scalds
• chemical: caused by alkalies or acids
• electrical: caused by either low or high voltage currents

• partial thickness
• full thickness

• flat lesions
• elevated lesions

depressed legions

• flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size
• macule

• flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter
• Ex - freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella

• solid: papule, nodule, tumor, wheal
• fluid filled: vesicle, bulla, pustule

• solid raised lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented
• Ex - nevus, warts, pimples, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema

• palpable, circumscribed lesion, larger and deeper than a papule (0.6 to 2 cm in diameter)
• extends into the dermal area
• Ex - intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor

• solid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers
• Ex - lipoma, steatoma, dermatofibroma, hemangioma

• elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema (swelling) that varies in size, shape, and color
• white in the center with a pale-red periphery
• accompanied by itching
• Ex - hives, insect bites, urticaria

• elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion
• less than 0.5 cm in diamter
• Ex - poison ivy, shingles, chickenpox

• a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter
• Ex - second degree burns, severe poison oak, ivy dermatitis

• small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus
• usually less than 1 cm in diameter
• Ex - acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies

• caused by loss of skin surface
• excoriations, fissure, ulcer

• linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis
• Ex - scratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns

• small slit or cracklike sore that extends into the dermal layer
• could be caused by continuous inflammation and drying

• an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring
• Ex - pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma

• superficial partial-thickness burns: damage only two or three layers of the epidermis and generally tend to heal in 2 to 7 days; sunburns or steam burns
• deep partial-thickness burns: involve the entire epidermal layer & even part of the dermis

• affect all skin layers, including the subcutaneous tissue
• center of the burned are may feel painless due to destruction of nerve endings

excision of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease

removal of tissue for microscopic examination by suction through a fine needle attached to a syringe

removal of tissue by inserting a hollow needle through the skin or external surface of an organ or tumor to draw off a sample of diseased tissue for histological study

method that removes a small cylindrical specimen for biopsy by means of a special instrument that pierces the organ directly or through the skin or a small incision in the skin

technique performed with a surgical blade or a razor blade

a surgical procedure to cut a thin piece of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

a test to determine the reaction of the body to a substance by observing the results of injecting the substance intradermally or of applying it topically to the skin

a procedure used to identify suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting the patient with small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observation of the skin for a subsequent reaction

the simplest type of skin test, in which a small piece of gauze or filter paper is impregnated with a minute quantity of the suspected allergy-causing substance (food, pollen, animal fur, etc.) and is applied to the skin, usually on the forearm

type of skin test in which a small quantity of a solution containing a suspected allergen is placed on a lightly scratched area of the skin

scraping of a cavity, wound, or other surface using a spoonlike cutting instrument called a curette

a procedure using subfreezing temperature (achieved by liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide) to destroy tissue

removal of dead or damaged tissue from a wound or burn site to prevent infection and to facilitate healing

• electrosurgical procedures performed with various electric instruments that operate on high-frequency electric current
• electrocautery
• electrocoagulation
• electrodesiccation
• fulguration

• the application of a needle or snare heated by electric current for the destruction of tissue
• used in removing warts or polyps & cauterizing small blood vessels to limit blood loss during surgery

• destruction of tissue by burning with an electric spark
• used for eliminating small superficial growths

destruction of tissue by means of long high-frequency electric sparks

• a surgical incision in an eschar (scab) or lessen constriction, as might be done following a burn
• used to prevent wound infection of the burn site

the process of washing out a body cavity or wounded area with a stream of water or other fluid

surgery using a laser device

surgical excision of subcutaneous fat

a technique for removing subcutaneous fat tissue with a suction pump device

a procedure in reconstructive plastic surgery in which the skin of the face is tightened, wrinkles are removed, and the skin is made to appear firm and smooth

skin obtained from another part of the body, or from a donor, and used to repair a defect or trauma of the skin

any tissue obtained from one part of the body and implanted at another location in the same individual

tissue obtained from an individual of one species for transplantation to an individual of a different species

a scraping away of a diseased or scarred area

application of chemicals to remove the surface layer of skin cells

use of rotating brushes, sandpaper, or other abrasive materials to remove scars, lesions, and fine wrinkles from the skin

a technique used to destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

application of an acid solution to peel the top skin layers, allowing smoother skin with tighter cells to occupy the surface

biopsy

basal cell carcinoma

centimeter

decubitus (ulcer); bedsore

dermatology

discoid lupus erythematosus

eczema, asthma/allergy, and hay fever

electrocardiogram

frozen section

intradermal

• intramuscular
• infectious mononucleosis

• impression
• synonymous with diagnosis (dx)

incision and drainage

intravenous

jugular venous distention

milligram

millimeter

ointment

by mouth (per os)

pupils equal, round, reactive to light, accomodation

postoperative

progressive systemic

• every hour
• q#h (every # of hours)

rule out

subcutaneous

systemic lupus erythematosus

superficial musculoaponeurotic system (plastic surgery)

xeroderma pigmentosum