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Foods undergo which 3 forms of processing in the body?
- digestion
- absorpotion
- metabolism
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Define deglutition
Swallowing
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Frenulum
attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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Define papillae
- small elevations on the surface of the tongue
- taste buds are on the side of papillae
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Four types of teeth
- incisors
- canines (cuspids)
- premolars (bicuspids)
- molars (tricuspids)
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Define bolus
food after it has been chewed
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Parts of the tooth
- Crown: visible portion of the tooth
- Dentin: covers enamel
- Cementum: root and neck of each tooth
- Neck: narrow portion surrounded by pink gingival
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Leukoplakia
- white patches within folds of the cheek and gum; usually caused by tobacco and alcohol use
- may lead to malignant tumor
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Dental caries
- one of most common diseases in the developed world
- disease of the enamel, dentin and cementum that results in cavities
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Gingivitis
- inflammation or infection of the gums
- possible complication of diabetes, vitamin deficiency or pregnancy
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Thrush/Oral Candidiasis
- mouth infection caused by yeastlike fungal organism
- seen in adults with AIDS or on antibiotic therapy
- found in healthy children
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Periodontitits
- inflammation of the periodontal membrane
- complication of advanced or untreated gingivitis
- leading cause of tooth loss among adults
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What are the most common forms of congenital defect affecting the mouth?
cleft lip and cleft palate
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Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands
- parotids
- submandibulars
- sublinguals
- secrete about 1L per day
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Salivary amylase
- begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
- found in saliva
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4 layers of the digestive tract
- inner to outer
- mucosa (mucous membrane)
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
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Esophagus
- muscle lined tube that leads to the stomach
- each end has a muscular sphincter
- upper esophageal sphincter (UES): prevent air from entering during respiration
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES): prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- chronic inflammation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux
- if left untreated Barrett esophagus may develop; precancerous condition
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Hiatal hernia
- stomach pushes through gap in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass through it
- results in acidic contents of the stomach bypassing the LES
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Chyme
partially digested food matter that leaves the stomach
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Gastric glands
glands found within the mucous membrane of the stomach that secretes gastric juices and hydrochloric acid
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Intrinsic factor
- secreted by stomach cells
- protects vitamin B12 and saves it for absorption by the small intestine
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What are the 3 divisions of the stomach
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What is the pyloric sphincter
gate between the small intestine and the stomach
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Disorders of the stomach exhibit these signs and symptoms
- gastritis: stomach inflammation
- anorexia
- nausea
- emeis: vomiting
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Pylorospasm
- pyloric muscle fibers don't contract in babies and causes vomiting
- treated with muscle relaxant
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Pyloric stenosis
obstructive narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
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Which factors cause an ulcer
- Helicobacter pylori infection (bacterial)
- long term NSAID usage
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Triple therapy
- standard antibiotic based treatment used most often to heal and prevent recurrence of ulcers
- combo of a stomach lining protecter (Pepto) and 2 antibiotics
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What are the 4 potential causes of stomach cancer
- excessive alcohol consumption
- use of chewing tobacco
- eating smoked or heavily preserved foods
- H. pylori infection
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Name the 3 different sections of the small intestine
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What is a plicae?
- circular folds within the lumen of the small intestine that increases surface area
- increase absorption of water and nutrients
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Where does most of the chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?
duodenum
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Purpose of a retrograde endoscopic cholangiography
allows visualization of the gallbladder and ducts that carry bile
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What is malabsorption syndrome
general term for a group of symptoms resulting in the inability to absorb nutrients properly
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Where does the liver store bile
gallbladder
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What is cholecystokinin
- hormone secreted from intestinal mucosa of the duodenum
- stimulates the gall bladder to release bile
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What does the gallbladder do
concentrates and stores bile that's produced by the liver
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what is Cholelithiasis
technical term for gallstones
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What is cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
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What happens if a gallstone blocks the common bile duct
- jaundice: blie pigment is absorbed into the blood
- gray-white feces due to lack of bile secretion
- biliary colic; pain associated with gallstone blockage
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What is a cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
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What is bariatrics
field of medicine that deals with the treatment of obesity
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What is hepatitis
liver inflammation caused by alcohol, drugs and infection (bacterial, parasitic or viral)
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What is cirrhosis
degenerative liver condition caused by hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition or infection
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What are pancreatic juices
secretion from the pancrease that digests sugars, proteins and fats
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What is acute pancreatitis
blockage of the common bile duct may cause pancreatic enzymes to digest the pancreas
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What are the roles of bacteria in the large intestine
- digestion
- vitmain k synthesis
- B-complex synthesis
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Name the subdivisions of the large intestine in order
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal canal
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Which anal sphincter is voluntary?
the outer anal sphincter
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