The Digestive System

• digestion
• absorpotion
• metabolism

Swallowing

attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

• small elevations on the surface of the tongue
• taste buds are on the side of papillae

• incisors
• canines (cuspids)
• premolars (bicuspids)
• molars (tricuspids)

food after it has been chewed

• Crown: visible portion of the tooth
• Dentin: covers enamel
• Cementum: root and neck of each tooth
• Neck: narrow portion surrounded by pink gingival

• white patches within folds of the cheek and gum; usually caused by tobacco and alcohol use
• may lead to malignant tumor

• one of most common diseases in the developed world
• disease of the enamel, dentin and cementum that results in cavities

• inflammation or infection of the gums
• possible complication of diabetes, vitamin deficiency or pregnancy

• mouth infection caused by yeastlike fungal organism
• seen in adults with AIDS or on antibiotic therapy
• found in healthy children

• inflammation of the periodontal membrane
• complication of advanced or untreated gingivitis
• leading cause of tooth loss among adults

cleft lip and cleft palate

• parotids
• submandibulars
• sublinguals
• secrete about 1L per day

• begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
• found in saliva

• inner to outer
• mucosa (mucous membrane)
• submucosa
• muscularis
• serosa

• muscle lined tube that leads to the stomach
• each end has a muscular sphincter
• upper esophageal sphincter (UES): prevent air from entering during respiration
• lower esophageal sphincter (LES): prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents

• chronic inflammation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux
• if left untreated Barrett esophagus may develop; precancerous condition

• stomach pushes through gap in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass through it
• results in acidic contents of the stomach bypassing the LES

partially digested food matter that leaves the stomach

glands found within the mucous membrane of the stomach that secretes gastric juices and hydrochloric acid

• secreted by stomach cells
• protects vitamin B₁₂ and saves it for absorption by the small intestine

• fundus
• body
• pylorus

gate between the small intestine and the stomach

• gastritis: stomach inflammation
• anorexia
• nausea
• emeis: vomiting

• pyloric muscle fibers don't contract in babies and causes vomiting
• treated with muscle relaxant

obstructive narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

• Helicobacter pylori infection (bacterial)
• long term NSAID usage

• standard antibiotic based treatment used most often to heal and prevent recurrence of ulcers
• combo of a stomach lining protecter (Pepto) and 2 antibiotics

• excessive alcohol consumption
• use of chewing tobacco
• eating smoked or heavily preserved foods
• H. pylori infection

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

• circular folds within the lumen of the small intestine that increases surface area
• increase absorption of water and nutrients

duodenum

allows visualization of the gallbladder and ducts that carry bile

general term for a group of symptoms resulting in the inability to absorb nutrients properly

gallbladder

• hormone secreted from intestinal mucosa of the duodenum
• stimulates the gall bladder to release bile

concentrates and stores bile that's produced by the liver

technical term for gallstones

inflammation of the gallbladder

• jaundice: blie pigment is absorbed into the blood
• gray-white feces due to lack of bile secretion
• biliary colic; pain associated with gallstone blockage

removal of the gallbladder

field of medicine that deals with the treatment of obesity

liver inflammation caused by alcohol, drugs and infection (bacterial, parasitic or viral)

degenerative liver condition caused by hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition or infection

secretion from the pancrease that digests sugars, proteins and fats

blockage of the common bile duct may cause pancreatic enzymes to digest the pancreas

• digestion
• vitmain k synthesis
• B-complex synthesis

• cecum
• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• anal canal

the outer anal sphincter