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The flashcards below were created by user
ldbussian
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Tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in structure, function, and embryonic origin bound together with intercellular material
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Early embryo
- Similar cells group together into three layers:
- Ectoderm: forms both outer covering of body and the nervous tissue
- Endoderm: forms inner lining of digestice tube and associated structures
- Mesoderm: layer between ectoderm and endoderm - forms skeleton and muscles
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Epithelial Tissue functions:
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion/Excretion
- Filtration
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Simple Epithelium
- Surface epithelia - singe layer of cells
- Provides very little protection
- Types: simple squamous epith; simple cuboidal epith; simple columnar epith; pseudostratified columnar epith.
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Stratified Epithelium
- Two or more protective layers
- Function to protect
- Types: stratified squamous epith; stratified cuboidal epith; stratified columnar epith; transitional epith.
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Connective Tissue Functions
- Binding organs
- Support
- Movement
- Physical protection
- Immune defense
- Energy storage
- Mineral storage
- Heat production
- Transport
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Fibroblasts
- Spindle shaped cells that synthesize and maintain fibers
- (fibrocytes are resting fibroblasts)
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Macrophages
- Phagocytes (engulf foreign material)
- Function as immune defense
- Develop from monocytes
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Mast Cells
Contain granules with histamine
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Extracellular matrix
- Groundsubstance - water, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan
- Fibers
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Collagenous Fibers
- Most abundant fiber type
- Main protein: collagen
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Elastic Fibers
- Found in tissues that stretch
- Main protein: elastin
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Reticular Fibers
- Form delicate supporting framework (stroma) for highly cellular organs
- Main protein: reticulin
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Embryonic Connective Tissue
Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue
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Mature Connective Tissue
Fibroconnective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid
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Areolar Connective Tissue
- Loose fibroconnective tissue
- Most widespread CT
- Unorganized fiber arrangement with many spaces in between
- Used to: attach skin to underlying tissue; loosely pack organs; support blood vessel lining, GI, respiratory and urinary tracts
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Adipose Connective Tissue
- Adipocytes (fat cells) are main cells - accumulate fat as droplets
- Increased blood vessel supply = increased metabolic activity
- Found anywhere areolar CT is found
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Reticular Connective Tissue
- Loose fibroconnective tissue
- Fine network of branching reticular fibers
- Stroma for organs - spaces filled with blood cells
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- Collagen fibers tightly packed in a parallel bundle
- Fibroblasts are only cells located between fibers
- Strong tissue with few blood vessels
- Used in: tendons, ligaments; fibrous membranes (fascia and aponeurosis)
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- Fibers condensed into irregular masses
- Random fiber arrangement = tension resistance from all directions
- Used in: dermis layer of skin; periosteum and perichondrium; fibrous capsule around many organs
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Elastic Connective Tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Elastic fiber count > collagen fiber count
- Allow tissue stretch and return to normal
- Used in: walls of arteries, trachea, bronchi, vocal cords
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Cartilage
- Semi-rigid connective tissue
- Groundsubstance: chondroitin sulfate provides resilience
- Collagen fibers provide strength
- Chondroblasts: cells that produce matrix (few)
- Chondrocytes: mature cartilage cells surrounded by lacunae
- Avascular matrix: no blood supply, so poor healing
- Perichondrium: zone of condense dense irregular CT at cartilage periphery - contains blood vessels and nerves
- 3 types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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Bone
- Specialized connective tissue
- Matrix is mineralized (inorganic salt) = increased rigidity and strength
- Vascular matrix: contains blood supply (Haversian Canals)
- Lacunae are interconnected by canaluculi (canals)
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Blood
- Specialized connective tissue
- Formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- Extracellular matrix: plasma
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Skeletal Muscle
- Specialized connective tissue
- Contractile properties: function to move skeleton and organs, produce heat, and maintain posture
- Voluntary/conscious control
- Long and cylindrical muscle fiber with striations
- Multinucleated
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Cardiac Muscle
- Functions: form wall of heart - contractile units create "pumping action"
- Contain myofibrils - just like skeletal muscle
- Have intercalated discs: gap junctions and desmosomes
- Single central nucleus
- Involuntary control
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Smooth Muscle
- Functions: forms walls of hollow internal structures (GI tract, blood vessels, ducts)
- Visceral muscle: not striated, short spindle-shaped cell with tapered ends
- Single central nucleus
- Involuntary control
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Nervous Tissue
Neurons and glial cells
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Endocrine glands
Groups of secretory cells surrounded by network of capillaries - enter into blood stream
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Endocrine glands
- Retain connection with epithelium from which they originate
- Connection serves as a duct - exit out of body
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Merocrine
- Exocytosis: vesicles form with the product you want to excrete inside of them
- Zero cell destruction
- Most common mode of secretion
- Examples: pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands
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Apocrine
- Apical cytoplasm is shed with secretory vesicle
- Lose entire apical portion of cell - some cell damage
- Examples: some sweat glands and mammary glands, axillary, anal
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Holocrine
- Whole cell ruptures
- Secretion accumulation in cells -> cell ruptures and dies when secretion released
- Example: sebaceous glands of the skin
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Tight Cell Junctions
- Like zipper
- Encircle epithelial cells near apex
- Seal intercellular space - plasma membranes held tightly together
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Adherens Junctions
- Form adhesion belts - like velcro
- Belt around one cell connects to belt around another cell
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Desmosomes
- Like a snap closure
- "Spot welds" between cells
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Hemidesmosomes
- Doesn't really attach two cells together
- Attaches cells to extracellular structures (like basement membrane)
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Gap Junctions
- Communicating junctions
- Allow substances to pass from one cell to another
- Important in muscle tissue (intercalated discs)
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Mucous Membranes
- Moist, epithelial membranes
- Line cavities opening to the outside
- Secrete mucus
- Three layers: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
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Serous Membranes
- Line ventral body cavities which don't open to exterior
- Layers: simple squamous epithelium, thin layer of areolar CT
- Mesothelium cells secrete serous fluid
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Cutaneous Membrane
- Skin
- Stratified squamous epithelium + areolar and dense irregular CT (dermis)
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Synovial Membrane
- Line joint cavities
- Not epithelial membrane (only one!)
- Produce synovial fluid
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