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Cascio
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Achilles Tendon
The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus
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Actin myofilament
A cellular protein found in myofilaments that is active in muscular contractions, cellular movement and maintenance of cell shape
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Action potential
A change in electrical potential that occurs when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus
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Adductor brevis
The short muscle that adducts the thigh
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Adductor longus
The long muscle that adducts the hip
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Anal triangle
The area within the pelvis that contains the anus
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Antagonists
Muscles working in oppoistion to each other
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Bell's Palsy
A condition caised by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side
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Belly
the large portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion
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Biceps femoris
Located in the posterior compartment of the leg, it flexes and laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip
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Calmodulin
An intracelluar protein that calcuim binds to, resulting in muscle contraction
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Cardiac muscle
Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel the blood through the circulator system
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Compartment
An anatomic space within the body that is enclosed by fascia
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Compartment syndrome
Accumulation of blood or fluid in an anatomic compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recongnized and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of limb
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Diaphragm
A flattened dome-shaped muscle that is the main muscle of breathing, located at the base of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen
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Endomysium
The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers
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Extensor muscles
Groups of muscles that cause extension.
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Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cells
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Extraocular movements
Movement of the eyes in various directions
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Fascia
A loater of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that seperates individual muscles
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Flexor Muscles
Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted
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Gap junctions
Conduction areas between cells (eg, in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle groups
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Hemoglobin
An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, carries 97% of oxygen
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Insertion
the end of a muscle that is attached to the bone that is undergoing the greatest movement
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Intercalated disks
Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell
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Intrensic automaticity
The ability of a muscle to generate it's own electrical activity
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Lactic acid
An organic acid that can lower the intercellular pH
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Motor neurons
Specialized nerve cells that deliver an impulse to muscle cells, causing them to contract
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Multiunit smooth muscle
one of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells(as in the capsule of the spleen).
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Muscle
Fibers that contract causing movement; three types of muscle are present in the body; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
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Muscle Fasciculus
A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle
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Myofibrils
Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
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Myofilaments
The individual protein filaments, conposed of either actin or myosin, that make up a myofibril
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Myoglobin
An iron-containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin that is found in muscle fibers
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Myosin myofilements
A fibrous globulin of muscle that reacts with actin to form actomyosin
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Neuromuscular junction
The junction between a motor netron and a muscle fiber. One type of a synapse
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Neurotransmutter
A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
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Origin
The attachment of a muscle to the more stationary of two bones
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Oxygen debt
A temporary osygen deficiency in muscles after strenuous exercise, characterized by heavy breathing until the muscles have been suppiles with sufficient oxygen
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Pectineus muscle
a deep muscle of the medial compartment that adducts and internally rotates the shoulder
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Pectineus muscle
A deep muscle of the medial compartment that adducts, flexes, and internally rotates the thigh
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Pectoralis major
The largest muscle of the chest wall, it adducts and inernally rotates the shoulder
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Perimysium
The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers
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Perineum
The area below the coccygeus and levator animuscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis
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Postsynaptic terminal
the proximal end of the nerve fiber in the neuromuscular junction
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Presynaptic terminal
The distal end of the nerve fiber in the neuromusclar junction
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Prime mover
The muscle in a group of muscles that has the major role in movement
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Quadriceps formoris
Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee when contracted
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Rectus abdominis
the linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen
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Rotator cuff
A special group of four mscles that forms a cap over the proximal humerus and ties the humerus to the scapula. It controls rotation at the shoulder joint
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Sarcolemma
The thin transparent sheath surrounfing a striated muscle fiber
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Sarcomeres
Any of the repeating strucural units of striated muscle fibrils
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Satcoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells
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Sartorius muscle
The longest muscle in the human body, it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts
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Scalene muscles
Muscles of respiration that elecate the first two ribs during inspiration
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Skeletal muscle
Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscles
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Sliding filament mechanism
The movement of the myofilaments during contration of the muscle
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Smooth muscle
Muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the eye; also called involuntary muscle
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Synaptic cleft
the space between nerves and muscles in the neuromuscular junction across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter
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Synergists
Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement
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Tendons
Tough, ropelike cords of fibours tissue that attach muscles to bones
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Thompson's Test
A test used to evaluate the integrity of the achilles tendon for possible rupture
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Urogenital triangle
The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system
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Visceral smooth muscle
Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reprodutive, and urinary tracts
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Whiplash
A layman's term for traumatic soft-tissue injurt to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexation or extention
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Yergason's test
Supination of the forearm against tesistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis
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