term meaning has a problem with chewing and swallows
dyspahgia
term referring to a passage of substances beneath the vocal chords into the pharynx and trachea
aspiration
aspiration of the stomach content into the lungs following a gastroesphagel reflux
reflux aspiration
inflammation of the lungs due to the entrance of foreign matter, such as food particles, into respitory passages
aspiration pneumonia
______ is a mucous membrane covering the tubular body structures and formed by superposed layers of epithelium, lamina properia and smooth muscle (alimentary tract)
mucosa
_____ is a clear, thick and sticky secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells,epethelial cells and salt suspended in water.
mucus
endocrine hormone released by the stomach stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
gastrin
what diets are indicated for the management of dysphagia?
diets modified in food texture and fluid consistancy
______ is condition characterized by abnormal, recurrent reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus causing symptoms and esophageal damage
GERD
_______ _________ is an inflammation of the esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux, which causes increased epithelial cell turnover
reflux esophagitis
_________ or belching is the passage of gas or a small amount of refluxed acidic gastric material through the mouth
eructation
_________ is defined as pain when swallowing
odynophagia
a _____ is the narrowing or stenosis of a hollow structure or tube.
stricture
_____ is damage to mucosa or skin surface, due to superficial loss of tissue and possibly accompanied by inflammation
ulcer
_____ is fiberous tissue replacing normal tissue damaged by disease or injury
scar
_______ is characterized by abnormal transformation of differentiated tissue of one type into differentiated tissue of another type
metaplasia
________ is the growth of abnormal tissue
dysplasia
an ______ is an examination of the interior of a hollow organ using an instrument like the endoscope
endoscopy
_________ is defined as an epithelial cell cancer (neoplasm or malignant tumor)
adenocarcinoma
signs and symptoms of GERD
heartburn
belching
regurgitation
increased salivation
odynophagia
complications that result from GERD
bleeding
severe dysphagia
ulceration
weightloss
malnutrition
anemia
etiological factors and conditions that contribute to the development of GERD
excess gastric acid secretion
zollinger-ellison syndrome
increased hormone secretion
increased abdominal pressure
binge eating
high caffeine
high fat diet
obesity
type of treatments available for GERD
diet therapy
medications
surgeries
dietary and lifestyle recommendations for patients with GERD
avoid high fat food
dont lie down after eating
avoid mint, choc, black pepper
lose wt
no tight clothes
avoid smoking
what type of drugs used for the management of GERD
histamine blocker
zantac
pepsin AC
maalox
TUMS
dietary sources of asorbic acid can be recommended
potatoes
green vegetables
strawberries
melons
what does PUD stand for?
peptic ulcer disease
what does N & V stand for?
nasuea and vomitting
what does DAT stand for?
diet as tolerated
which foods increase gastric acid secretion ?
alcohol, coffee, spices, caffeine-containing food
what does ischemia mean?
reduction of blood supply to a localized tissue or organ usually caused by arterial narrowing or obstruction of blood inflow to the tissue
_________ is impaired digestion of stomach content with epigastric pain caused by disorders affecting gastric function
dyspepsia
________ is a break in the mucosa of an organ of the alimentary tract exposed to gastric acid and pepsin
peptic ulcer
________ is the inflammation of the stomach, especially the mucosa with leukocyte inflitration
gastritis
________ is a rare syndrome including diarrhea and severe peptic ulceration due to gastric hypersection secondary to excessive gastrin release from an endocrine gastric and pancreatic neoplasm
zollinger-ellison syndrome
______ is surgical incision of the vagus nerve
vagotomy
________ surgical excision or removal of part or all of the stomach
gastrectomy
________ is the formation of an artifical or surgical opening into the stomach
gastrostomy
_______ is an abnormal opening or connection formed between one epithelial surface and another, artifical passage can be between two organs or two parts of the same organ
fistula
casual agents of peptic ulceration
infections
intake of drugs or steroids
what factors or conditions increase gastic acid secretion?
alcohol
spices
stress
chronic h.pylori gastris
treatment options for clients with peptic ulcers?
drug therapy
diet therapy
surgery
main goals of nutrition care for clients with PUD (peptic ulcer disease)
healing = adequete nutrient intake
limit acid production
individualize
dietary recommendations for clients with PUD
healthy, well balanced diet
limit caffeine
limit spices
plan and eat meal at regular intervals
avoid alcohol
complications of peptic ulcer disease?
hemorrhage
anemia
perforation
gastric obstruction
stomach cancer
difference between gastropathy and gastritis?
gastropathy - general term of any disease of the stomach
gastritis- inflammation, inflitration of w.b.cells
is h. pylori the major casual agent in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers
true
why are PUD clients at risk for malnutrition
iron def.
vomitting
dehydration
food intolerance
what is inflammatory bowel disease?
is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the intestines
two main inflammatory bowel diseases?
1. crohn's
2. ulcerative colitis
majority of digestion of food and absorbtion of nutrients takes place where?
small intestine
composition of intestinal juice?
water, salt, mucus, digestive enzymes
beneficial bacteria that colonize in the ileum produce what vitamin?
vitamin k
vitamin b12 is absorbed bound to the _____ ______
intrinsic factor
define ulcer
lesion of skin as result of inflammation
define endoscopy
exam of organ using an endoscope
dietary fiber on fiber-restricted diet? __g
10g, no insoluble
how much dietary fiber for a high fiber diet?
__ g -woman
__g - men
25g
38g
define ulcerative colitis ?
chronic disease causing ulcers in small intestine
define crohn's disease
autoimmune response
inflammation in any part of the GI tract
define irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
abdominal pain
diarrhea or constipation
define inflammation
body responses to injury
define fistula
abnormal passage or connection between one epithelium and another
define colostomy
removal of the rectum and anus
define colonoscopy
over 50 years old
endoscopic examination of the colon
define acute disease
rapid onset
high intesity
define chronic disease
long term
low intensity
signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis
abdominal pain
fever
cramps
rectal bleeding
complications of ulcerative colitis
loss of blood
sepsis
anemia
how is ulcerative colitis diagnosed
barium enema
CBC
c-reactive protein
signs and symptoms of crohns
fatigue
bloody stool
abdominal pain
complications of crohns
absess
maldigestion or malabsorbtion
low protein in blood
tests done to diagnose crohns
endoscopy
blood test
CBC
purpose of nutrition therapy for IBD
3
1. prevent malnutrition/correct
2.promote healing
3. normalize system
dietary recommendations for clients with IBD
individualize
high cal, protein, vit, mineral
supplements
more serious: clear liquids
improvement: low residue/low lactose/high fiber
why are individuals at high risk for malnutrition with IBD
nutrients not absorbed
inadequete digestion
discomfort
high need of nutrients
nutrients at risk of not being adequete with IBD
folacin
calcium
water soluble vitamins
3 differences between crohns and ulcerative colitis
1. patches anywhere
2. fistulas
3. can effect entire GI tract
4 similarities between crohns and ulcerative colitis
1. inflammation
2. bloating, cramps
3. both increased in insidence
4. frequent in young adult females
steps of digestion
protein
fat
carbs
main digestion where?
