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atom
basic structural unit of matter
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
electron
negatively charged subatomic particle
element
a substance that cannot be broken down
isotope
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
atomic mass
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
neutron
uncharged subatomic particle
nucleus
core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons
proton
positively charged subatomic particle
ion
atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons
chemical bond
an attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact
molecule
a union of two or more atoms joined in a chemical bond
compound
type of molecule that has atoms of more than one element
ionic bond
type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction forms between ions of opposite charge
covalent bond
chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons
nonpolar
having an even distribution of charge
polar
having an uneven distribution of charge; a molecule that has an equal number of protons and electrons, but an uneven distribution of electrons across the molecule
polarity
any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions
hydrogen bond
attraction that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond
solvent
liquid that can dissolve other substances
solute
a dissolved substance
pH
measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid
hydrophilic
describes a substance that dissolves easily in water
hydrophobic
describes a substance that resists dissolving in water