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Womb; a pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo & fetus develops
Uterus
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Upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterince tubes
Fundus
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Lining of the uterus, which is shed approximately every 28-30d in a nonpregnant female during menstruation
Endometrium
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Muscular wall of the uterus
Myometrium
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Tubes extending from each side of the uterus towards the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus
Uterine tubes/ Fallopian tubes
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Uterine tubes & ovaries (uterine appendages)
Adnexa
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Right tube & ovary
Right uterine appendage
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Left tube & ovary
Left uterine appendage
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One of two glands located on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce ova & female sex hormones
Ovary
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Neck of the uterus
Cervix
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Opening of the cervix to the uterus
Cervical os
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Tubular passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body
Vagina
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External genitalia of the female
Vulva
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Folds of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening; known as teh labia majora & labia minora
Labia
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Female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva
Clitoris
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Fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina
Hymen
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Entrance to the vagina
Introitus
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Two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse
Bartholin glands
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Region between the vulva & anus
Perineum
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Two glands in the female breasts that are capable of producing milk
Mammary glands
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Dark-pigmented area around the nipple
Areola
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Developing organism from fertilization to the end of the 8th week
Embryo
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Developing organism from 9th week to birth
Fetus
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Vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus
Placenta
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Innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid
Amnion/ Amniotic sas
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Fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds & protects the fetus
Amniotic fluid
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Intestinal discharges of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn
Meconium
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Absense of menstruation
Amenorrhea
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Painful menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
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Scanty mentrual period
Oligomenorrhea
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Absense of ovulation
Anovulation
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Painful intercouse (coitus)
Dyspareunia
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Abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge
Leukorrhea
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Excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation (menses)
Menorrhagia
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Bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation
Metrorrhagia
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Irregular ovulation
Oligo-ovulation
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Inflammation of the cervix
Cervicitis
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Birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or a structure (ex: double uterus or absent vagina)
Congenital anomalies/ Congenital irregularities
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Congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, hair); typically found in an ovary & usually benign
Dermoid cyst
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Displacement of the uterus from its normal position
Displacement of the uterus
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Abnormal forward bending of the uterus
Anteflexion
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Abnormal backward bending of the uterus
Retroflexion
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Backward turn of the whole uterus; also called tipped uterus
Retroversion
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Condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
Endometriosis
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Inflammation of the endometrium
Endometritis
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Benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle & fibrous connective tissue
Fibroid/ Fibromyoma/ Leiomyoma
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Abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another
Fistula
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Abnormal opening between the vagina & rectum
Rectovaginal fistula
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Abnormal opening between the baldder & vagina
Vesicovaginal fistula
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Abnormal development of cervical tissue cells
Cervical neoplasia
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Potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
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CIN-1: mild dysplasia
CIN-2: moderate dysplasia
CIN-3: severe dysplasia
Cercvical dysplasia
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Malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized, without any spread to adjacent structures
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix
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Cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones
Menopause
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Inflammation of one or both ovaries
Oophoritis
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Cyst of teh uterine tube (fallopian tube)
Parovarian cyst
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Scarring of the tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, injury
Pelvic adhesions
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Inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, endometrium; most often caused by bacteria
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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Relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs
Pelvic floor relaxation
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Pouching of the bladder into the vagina
Cystocele
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Pouching of the rectum into the vagina
Rectocele
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Pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina & the rectum
Enterocele
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Pouching of teh urethra into the vagina
Urethrocele
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Descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal
Prolapse
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Inflammation of the fallopian tube
Salpingitis
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Inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, irritation; often caused by a specific organism, such as Candida (yeast) or Trichomonas (sexually transmitted parasite)
Vaginitis
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Thinning of the vagina & loss of moisture because of depletion of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue
Atrophic vaginitis
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Infection of the vagina, with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milk-like discharge & an unpleasant odor; also known as nonspecific vaginitis
Vaginosis
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Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms & is treated only after it has spread, such as after causing PID
Chlamydia
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Contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseiria gonorrhea; the term refers to the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage of semen; the genus is named for the Polish dermatologist Albert Neisser
Gonorrhea
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Infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted via direct, intimate contact & that may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifests first on the skin, with the appearance of small, painless, red papules that erode & form bloodless ulcers called chancres
Syphilis
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Virus that causes an inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen & blod
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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Virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the gential & anorectal skin & mucosa; after the inital infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root & may recur at times of stress
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
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Virus that causes AIDS, permitting various opportunistic infections, malignancies & neurologic diseases; contaminated blood or body fluid
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Virus transmitted by direct sexual contact; infection can manifest on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
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Lesion that appears as a result of HPV; on the skin, the lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts & on the mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance; also known as venereal or genital warts
Condyloma acuminatum
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Malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue
Adenocarcinoma of the breast
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Absence of a breast
Amastia
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Benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous & cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods
Fibrocystic breasts
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Development of mammary glands in the male caused by altered hormone levels
Gynecomastia
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Abnormally large breasts
Hypermastia/ Macromastia
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Unusually small breasts
Hypomastia/ Micromastia
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Inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding
Mastitis
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Presence of more than two breasts
Polymastia
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Presence of more than one nipple on a breast
Polythelia/ Supernumerary nipples
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Removal of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination
Biopsy
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Needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytologic examination
Aspiration biopsy/ Needle biopsy
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Removal of a specimen for biopsy during an endoscopic procedure (ex: colposcopy)
Endoscopic biopsy
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Removal of an entire lesion for microscopic examination
Excisional biopsy
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Removal of a piece of suspicious tissue for microscopic examination (ex: cervical or endometrial biopsy)
Incisional biopsy
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Use of x-ray imaging, a specialized steriotactic frame & a computer to calculate, precisely locate & direct a needle into a breast lesion to remove a core specimen for biopsy
Stereotactic breast biopsy
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Biopsy of the sentinel node (the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor) in a breast with early cancer to determine metastases & if no malignancy is found, to avoid extensive removal of axillary nodes, which causes lymphedema (swelling under the arms); includes radionuclide imaging to locate the sentinal node (sentinal refers to guarding a point of entry)
Sentinal node breast biopsy
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Examination of the vagina & cercix using a colposcope, a specialized microscope which often has a camera attachment for photographs; used to document findings & for follow-up treatments
Colposcopy
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Use of hysteroscope to examine the intrauterine cavity for assessment of abnormalities (ex: polyps, fibroids, anomalies)
Hysteroscopy
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Use of nonionizing images to detect gynecologic conditions (ex: anomalies of the pelvis or soft tissues of the breast) or to stage tumors arising from the endometrium or cervix
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Study of cells collected from the cervix to screen for cancer & other abnormalities
Papanicolaou (pap) smear
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X-ray of the fallopian tubes after injection of a contrast medium through the cervix; used to determine tubal patency (openness)
Hysterosalpingogram
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Low-dose x-ray imaging of breast tissue to detect neoplasm's
Mammogram
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Ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis
Pelvic sonography
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Ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes & ovaries made with the ultrasonic transducer within the vagina to detect conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion
Endovaginal sonogram/ Transvaginal sonogram
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Transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline if injected into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or to determine tubal patency
Sonohysterogram/ Hysterosonogram/ Saline infusion sonogram
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Ultrasound image of the lower abdomen, including the bladder, uterus, tubes & ovaries, to detect conditions such as cysts & tumors
Transabdominal sonogram
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Breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions
Adhesiolysis/ Adhesiotomy
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Removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix
Cervical conization
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Suture to repair the vagina
Solporrhaphy
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Repair of a cystocele
Colporrhaphy anterior repair
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Repair of a rectocele
Colporrhaphy posterior repair
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Anterior & posterior repair of cystocele & rectocele
Colporrhaphy A&P repair
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Method of destroying tissue by freezing; used for treating dysplasia & early cancers
Cryosurgery
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Dilation of the cervix & scraping of the endometrium to control bleeding, to obtain tissue for biopsy, or to remove polyps or products of conception
Dilation & Curettage (D&C)
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Removal of the uterus
Hysterectomy
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Removal of th uterus through an incision in the abdomen
Abdomianl hysterectomy
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Removal of the uterus through the vagina
Vaginal Hysterectomy
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Removal of the uterus & cervix
Total hysterectomy
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Inspection of the abdominal or pelvic cavity with a laproscope, which is an endoscope used to examine the abdominal & pelvic regions
Laparoscopy
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Surgical procedures within the abdominal or pelvic region using a laparoscope
Laparoscopic surgery
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Use of a laser to destroy lesions or to dissect or cut tissue; used frequently in gynecology
Laser surgery
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Use of electrosurgical or radio waves transformed through a loop-configured electrosurgical device to treat precancerous cervical lesions by simultaneous excisional biopsy & treatment of affected tissue (ex: cervical dysplasia or HPV lesions); note that the transformation zone is the area of the cervix (between the endocervix &
ectocervix), where the neoplasia—new abnormal cell formation—is most likely the arise
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)/ Large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ)
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Excision of fibroid tumors
Myomectomy
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Excision of an ovary
Oophorectomy
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Excision of an ovarian cyst
Ovarian cystectomy
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Excision of a uterine tube
Salpingectomy
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Excision of both uterine tubes & ovaries
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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Incision into fallopian tube; often performed to remove an ectopic pregnancy
Salpingotomy
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Creation of an opening in the fallopian tube to open a blockage
Salpingostomy
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Sterilization of a woman by cutting & tying (ligating) the uterine tubes
Tubal ligation
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Excision of a breast tumor without removing any other tissue or lymph nodes; usually followed by radiation or chemotherapy if the tumor is cancerous
Lumpectomy
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Removal of a breast
Mastectomy
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Removal of an entire breast but with the underlying muscle & axillary lymph nodes left intact
Simple mastectomy
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Removal of an entire breast along with the underlying chest muscles & axillary lymph nodes
Radical mastectomy
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Removal of an entire breast & lymph nodes of the axilla
Modified radical mastectomy
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Surgical reconstruction of a breast
Mammoplasty
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Reconstruction to enlarge the breast, often by insertion of an implant
Augmentation mammoplasty
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Reconstruction to remove excessive breast tissue
Reduction mammoplasty
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Elevation of pendulous breast tissue
Mastopexy
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Treatment of malignancies,
infections & other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected
cells or impair their ability to reproduce
Chemotherapy
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Treatment of neoplastic disease using radiation to deter the
proliferation of malignant cells
Radiation therapy
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Use of a hormone (ex:
estrogen or progesterone) to replace a deficiency or to regulate production
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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Hormones used to prevent conception by suppressing ovulation
Hormonal contraceptives
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Birth control pill
Oral contraceptive pill (OCP)
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Injection of a contraceptive hormone (ex: Depo-Provera) into the body
Contraception injection
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Insertion of a contraceptive capsule under the skin to provide a continual infusion over an extended period
Contraceptive implant
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Products that provide a physical barrier to prevent conception (e: condoms or diaphragms)
Barrier contraceptives
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Contraceptive device inserted into the uterus that prevents implantation of a fertilized egg
Intrauterine device (IUD)
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Creams, jellies, lotions, foams containing agents that kill sperm (cid/o = to kill)
Spermicidals
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A pregnant woman; gravida followed by a number indicates the number of pregnancies
Gravida
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Having never been pregnant
Nulligravida
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First pregnancy
Primigravida
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To bear; a woman who has produced one or more viable (live outside the uterus) offspring; para followed
by a number indicates the number of times a pregnancy has resulted in a single or multiple birth
Para
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A woman who has not borne a child (nulli=none; para=to bear)
Nullipara
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First delivery (primi=first; para=to bear)
Primipara
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Woman who has given birth to two or more children (multi=many; para=to bear)
Multipara
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Progressive obliteration of the endocervical canal during delivery
Cervical effacement
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Expected date for delivery of the baby; normally 280 days or 40 weeks from last menstrual period (LMP)
- Estimated date of confinement
- Estimated date of delivery
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Presence of meconium in amniotic fluid
Meconium staining
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Rupture of the amniotic sac, usually at onset of labor
Ruptured membranes
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Large-bodied baby commonly
seen in diabetic pregnancies (macro=large; soma=body)
Macrosomia
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Excessive amniotic fluid
Polyhydramnios
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Gravida, para, abortus (abortions)
GPA
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Term Infants, premature infants, abortions, living children
TPAL
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Expulsion of the products of conception before the fetus is viable (able to live outside the uterus)
Abortion (AB)
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Miscarriage; naturally occurring expulsion of the products of conception
Spontaneous abortion (SAB)
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Spontaneous abortion occurring in three or more consecutive pregnancies
Habitual abortion
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Incomplete expulsion of the products of conception
Incomplete abortion
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Death of a fetus or embryo within the uterus that is not naturally expelled after death
Missed abortion
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Bleeding with the threat of miscarriage
Threatened abortion
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Condition preventing normal delivery through the birth canal; either the baby’s head is too large or the
birth canal is too small
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
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True toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs & feet,
severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions & coma
Eclampsia
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Toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema or the legs & feet
& puffiness of the face, without convulsion or coma
- Preeclampsia
- Pregnancy-Induced HTN (PIH)
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Implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, often in the tube or ovary, or rarely, in the abdominal cavity
Ectopic pregnancy
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Disorder that results form the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor & a mother
with an Rh-negative blood factor, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; this condition necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of RBCs that may cause a reaction between the blood of
the mother & the fetus, resulting in fetal anemia, which causes erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh factor
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Presence of antigens
Rh positive
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Absence of antigens
Rh negative
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Severe nausea & vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother &
fetus (emesis=vomit)
Hyperemesis gravidarum
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Fetal aspiration of amniotic fluid containing meconium
Meconium aspiration
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Displaced attachment of the placenta in the lower region of the uterine cavity
Placenta previa
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Premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
Abruptio placentae
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Sampling of a placental tissue for microscopic & chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
Amniocentesis
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Aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
Fetal monitoring
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Obstetric measurement of the pelvis to evaluate proper conditions for vaginal delivery
Pelvimetry
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Test performed on urine or blood to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (secreted by the placenta), which indicates pregnancy
Pregnancy Test
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Ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis
Pelvic sonography
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Ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, ovaries made after introduction of an ultrasonic transducer within the vagina; useful for detecting pathology (ex: ectopic pregnancy or
missed abortion)
Endovaginal sonogram/ Transvaginal sonogram
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Ultrasound image of the pregnant uterus to determine fetal development
Obstetric sonogram
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Surgical delivery of a baby via an incision through the abdomen & into the uterus
Cesarean section (C-section)
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Dilation of the cervix & removal of the products of conception; most commonly performed in the second trimester of pregnancy, after a missed abortion
Dilation & evacuation (D&E)
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Incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery of a baby
Episiotomy
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Drug that causes abortion (ex: mifepristone—formerly known as RU-486)
Abortifacient
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Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes myometrial contraction; used to induce labor
Oxytocin
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Immunizing agent given to an Rh-negative mother within 72h after delivering an Rh-positive baby to suppress the Rh immune response
Rh immune globulin
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Drug used to stop labor contractions
Tocolytic agent
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Introduction of a solution into the amniotic sac; an isotonic solution is most commonly used to relieve fetal distress
Amnioinfusion
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Abortion induced by mechanical means or by drugs for medical reasons
Therapeutic abortion (TAB)
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Manual method for reversing the position of the fetus, usually doe to facilitate delivery
Version
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Abdominal manipulation
External version
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Intravaginal manipulation
Internal version
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