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ljdankov
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Entropy formula for adiabatic isothermal cycle (carnot)
 - Energy over temperatrure
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Is entropy a state function
Yes
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Is Pressrua state function
Yes
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Is Volume a state funciton
Yes
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Is Temperature a state function
Yes
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Is Internal Energy a state function
Yes
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Is work a state function
No
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Is enthalpy a state function
No
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What do state functions equal in a carnot cycle
0
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What is a clausius inequallity
Statement that entropy of an irreversible cycle is less than that of a reversible cycle.
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What is always true of entropy of an irreversible cycle?
Alays less than 0
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Clausius statement of entropy
The universal entropy always moves towards a maximum
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Microscopic entropy deffinition
Entropy is a measure of disorder. The more ways molecules can move and be arranged, the higher the entropy
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How does entropy affect temperature
Higher temperature leads to higher entropy
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What is entropy of melting?
\ 
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What is entropy change of boiling
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What can always be said of the sign on entropy of a state change?
If state change is to more mobile form, is positive, if to less mobile form is negative.
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Enthalpy of transition formula
\ 
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Change in entropy at constant volume formula?
nRln 
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Change of entropy at constant volume formula
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What is change in ewntropy formula when both temp and volume change
n 
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Entropy of mixing gas in terms of mol fractions?
-(n1+...+nn)R(x1ln(x1)+...+xnln(xn))
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When is entropy 0 when mixing gasses?
When there is no change in volume
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Entropy of mixing gasses in volume term formula?
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Entropy phase change order of operations.
- 1) Heat or cool initial phase to temperature of phase change, calculate entropy
- 2) Calcualte entropy of phase changte
- 3) Heat or cool final phase to final temperature, calcuate entropy
- 4) sum entropies
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Nernsts theorem
Entropy changes become zero at absolute zero
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Absolute entropy of a reaction formula?
\si 
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WHat is the entropy condition of equilibrium and when will this occur? Two formulas and deffinition
dS Total=dS system+dS Surroundings=0
- dq-Tds=0
- On a graph of entropy, we reach equilibrium when the composition of system is such to maximize entropy.
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What can be said of relationship between entropy of surrounding and change of energy in system?
d 
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What must happen to entropy for a process to be spontaneous?
The overall entropy must increase.
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What is Gibbs free energy in relation to entropy?
G= H-TS
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What is gibbbs requirement for equilibrium at constant Temp and PRessure?
dG=0
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Which direction will a reaction move as determined by gibbs?
In which ever direction minimizes gibbs free energy
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Is Gibbs a state function?
Yes
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What is the deffinition of helmholtz energy (A)?
U-TS
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When will we reach equilibrium according to helmholtz?
When dA = dU-TdS = 0
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What does a negative gibbs tell us a bout a reaction?
That it will happen spontaneously.
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What is an exergonic compound?
One whose gibbs free energy is negative and will form spontaneously.
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What is an endergonic compound
One whose gibbs free energy is Positive and will not form spontaneously.
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Gibbs in terms of volume and pressure?
\tri 
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Internal energy change for process involving only PV work (Maxwell)?
du = -PdV + TdS
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Fugacity
Measure of how far from ideality a gas is.
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Relationship betweeen work and helmholtz (a)
\ 
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Relationship between gibbs and work
\ 
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What is the Equilibrium constant ( K)?
- If stoichometetric equation is:
- Products -> reactants
- aA+bB = cC + dD
- k=
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How does equilibrium constant (k) related to gibbs?
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What are the three equilibrium constants and what differentiates tehm?
- k0= dimensionless constant
- kp= dimensionless form of K if units are in pressure (bar)
- kc is the dimensoinless form if units are in concentration (mol/L)
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What happens to reaction rates at equilibrium?
Forward and backward rates proceed at same rate.
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What energy condition indicates equilibrium?
Gibbs and helmholtz are minimized.
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Chemical Potential: Symbol, deffinition and Formula
 is the molar gibbs energy of a reaction at pressure other than 1 bar (not in standard state).
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Gibbs energy chemical potential form when not at equilibrium
\t 
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What is \ 
Stoichometric constant.= 
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What be da formula for Kc ?
= { 
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What is relation between kp and kc ?
k 
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What is kx?
- Equilibrium constyant in mol fractions.
- l
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What is Kp iun terms of Kx?
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Solubility product?
- ksp = [X]x[Y]y= axxayy
- Tells how much of a substance will dissolve.
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What is a?
a is the shorthand for chemical activity in a sollution.
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Heterogeneous equilibrium?
- This is when we have a reaction in which reactants are in different phase.
- We treat pure solids and liquids as having a concentration of 1 and an activity coefficient of 1. They thus drop out of K.
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Mix of reactions.
If there be multiple reactions, then:
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= 
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Van Hoft Equation for effect of temperature on equilibrium constant?
- This equation maps the effect of temperature on equilibrium constants.
 - integrating this yeilds:
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Temperature dependence of equilibrium constant for ideal gases?
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