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Loss Exposure
any situation or circumstance in which a loss is possible, regardless of whether a loss occurs
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Objective Risk
the relative variation of actual loss from expected loss
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Risk
uncertainty concerning the occurence of a loss
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The Law of Large Numbers
as the number of exposure units increases, the more closely the actual loss experience will approach the expected loss experience
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Subjective Risk
uncertainty based on a person's mental condition or state of mind
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Chance of Loss
the probability that an event will occur
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Objective Probability
the long-run relative frequency of an event based on the assumptions of an infinite of observations of an infinite number of observations and of no change in the underlying conditions
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Subjective Probability
the individual's personal estimate of the chance of loss
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Hazard
a condition that creates or increases the frequency or severity of loss
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Physical Hazard
a physical condition that increases the frequency or severity of loss
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Moral Hazard
dishonesty or character defects in an individual that increase the frequency or severity of loss
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Attitudinal Hazard
carelessness or indifference to a loss, which increases the frequency or severity of a loss
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Legal Hazard
characteristics of the legal system or regulatory environment that increase the frequency or severity of losses
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Pure Risk
a situation in which there are only the possibilities of loss or no loss
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Speculative Risk
a situation in which either profit or loss is possible
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Diversifiable Risk
a risk that affects only individuals or small groups and not the entire economy
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Nondiversifiable Risk
a risk that affects the entire economy or large numbers of persons or groups within the economy
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Enterprise Risk
a term that encompasses all major risks faced by a business firm
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Financial Risk
the uncertainty of loss because of adverse changes in commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and the value of money
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Enterprise Risk Management
combines into a single unified treatment program all major risk faced by the firm
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Personal Risk
risks that directly affect an individual
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Premature Death
defined as the death of a family head with unfulfilled financial obligations
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Property Risks
the risk of having property damaged or lost from numerous causes
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Direct Loss
a financial loss that results from the physical damage, destructive, or theft of the property
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Indirect or Consequential Loss
a financial loss that results indirectly from the occurence of a direct physical damage or theft loss
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Liability Risks
another important type of pure risk that most persons face
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Avoidance
one technique for managing risk. For example, you can avoid the risk of being mugged in a high-crime rate area by staying out of the area; you can avoid the risk of divorce by not marrying
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Loss Control
another technique for managing risk. Certain activities that reduce the frequency or severity of losses
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Hedging
a technique for transferring the risk of unfavorable price fluctuations to a speculator by purchasing and selling future contracts on an organized exchange, such as the Chicago Board of Trade or New York Stock Exchange
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Hold-Harmless Clause
a risk that can be transferred
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