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Structural Organization
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- System & Organism Level
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cytology
the study of cells
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cytologist
specializes in cytology
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Cell Structures
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- chromatin
- nuclear membrane
- cytoplasm
- endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
- lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- cilia
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tissue types
- muscle tissue
- connective tissue
- nervous tissue
- epithelial tissue
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anterior (ventral)
front of the body; toward the front
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deep
away from the surface
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distal
farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
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external
outside, exterior to
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inferior (caudal)
below; towards the tail
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internal
within; interior to
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lateral
pertaining to the side; toward the side
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medial
pertaining to the middle; toward the midline
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posterior (dorsal)
back of the body; near the back
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proximal
near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
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parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity
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superficial
toward or on the surface
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superior (cephalic, cranial)
above; toward the head
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visceral
pertaining to the covering of an organ
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knee-chest position
- the patient is assisted into a kneeling position with the buttocks elevated and the head & chest on the table
- arms are extended above the head and flexed at the elbow
- the rectum is examined in the position (sigmoid colon)
- both men & women
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lithotomy position
- the patient is supine (lying on the back), the legs are sharply flexed at the knees, the feet are placed in stirrups
- position of choice for the vaginal examination & the Pap smear procedure
- position preferred when a vaginal speculum is used to perform a pelvic examination
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dorsal recumbent position
- the patient is supine, but the legs are sharply flexed at the knees & the feet are on the table
- in this position, the vagina & rectum can be examined in the woman, and the rectum in the man
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Sim position
- side-lying position
- the patient is instructed to lie on the left side with the left arm behind the body & the right arm forward, flexed at the elbow
- both legs are flexed at the knee, but the right leg is sharply flexed and positioned next to the left leg, which is slightly flexed
- man - rectum
- woman - rectum & vagina
- position used to administer an enema
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prone position
- the patient is lying flat on the abdomen with the head turned slightly to the side
- the arms can be positioned above the head and extended or alongside the body
- the back, spine, and lower extremities can be examined in this position
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Fowler position
- the patient is in a semi-sitting position with the head of the examination table tilted to produce a 45-60 degree angle
- knees may or may not be bent
- used for patients with dyspneic (difficult breathing) conditions because it promotes lung expansion
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supine position
- the patient is lying flat on the back with arms at the sides or above the head
- facilitates examination of the chest, heart, abdomen, and extremities
- the head & neck can be examined in this position as well as certain neurologic reflex testing
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midsagittal (median) plane
a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body & divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides
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sagittal plane
a plane that is parallel to a midsagittal plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right & left sides
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frontal (coronal) plane
a plane from side to side that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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transverse (horizontal) plane
a plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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lipectomy
excision of fatty tissue
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chondroma
tumor composed of cartilage
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fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
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fibroblast
any cell from which connective tissue develops
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sarc/o
flesh (connective tissue)
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cervic/o
neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
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coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
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ili/o
ilium (lateral flaring portion of hip bone)
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lumb/o
loins (lower back)
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umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
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vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
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dors/o
back (of the body)
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later/o
side, to one side
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poster/o
back (of the body), behind, posterior
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ventr/o
belly, belly side
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body cavity
hollow space within the body that contains internal organs, also known as viscera
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ventral cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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dorsal cavities
cranial & spinal cavities
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four quadrants
- right upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- right upper quadrant
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nice regions
- hypochondriac (R & L)
- epigastric
- lumbar (R & L)
- umbilical
- inguinal (R & L)
- hypogastric
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RUQ organs
- right lobe of liver
- gallbladder
- part of the pancreas
- part of the small & large intestines
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RLQ organs
- part of small & large intestines
- appendix
- right ovary
- right fallopian tubes
- right ureter
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LUQ organs
- left lobe of the liver
- stomach
- spleen
- part of the pancreas
- part of the large & small intestines
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LLQ organs
- part of the small & large intestines
- left ovary
- left fallopian tubes
- left ureter
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C1, C2, etc.
- first cervical vertebra
- second cervical vertebra
- etc.
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L1, L2, etc.
- first lumbar vertebra
- second lumbar vertebra
- etc.
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MS
- musculoskeletal
- multiple sclerosis
- mental status
- morphine sulfate
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S1, S2, etc.
- first sacral vertebra
- second sacral vertebra
- etc.
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T1, T2, etc.
- first thoracic vertebra
- second thoracic vertebra
- etc.
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spinal column
- 7 cervical vertebra
- 12 thoracic vertebra
- 5 lumbar vertebra
- 5 sacral vertebra
- 4 coccygeal vertebra
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