KIN 2509 Ch 4

• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• System & Organism Level

the study of cells

specializes in cytology

• cell membrane
• nucleus
• chromatin
• nuclear membrane
• cytoplasm
• endoplasmic reticulum
• ribosomes
• mitochondria
• lysosomes
• Golgi apparatus
• cilia

• muscle tissue
• connective tissue
• nervous tissue
• epithelial tissue

front of the body; toward the front

away from the surface

farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

outside, exterior to

below; towards the tail

within; interior to

pertaining to the side; toward the side

pertaining to the middle; toward the midline

back of the body; near the back

near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity

toward or on the surface

above; toward the head

pertaining to the covering of an organ

• the patient is assisted into a kneeling position with the buttocks elevated and the head & chest on the table
• arms are extended above the head and flexed at the elbow
• the rectum is examined in the position (sigmoid colon)
• both men & women

• the patient is supine (lying on the back), the legs are sharply flexed at the knees, the feet are placed in stirrups
• position of choice for the vaginal examination & the Pap smear procedure
• position preferred when a vaginal speculum is used to perform a pelvic examination

• the patient is supine, but the legs are sharply flexed at the knees & the feet are on the table
• in this position, the vagina & rectum can be examined in the woman, and the rectum in the man

• side-lying position
• the patient is instructed to lie on the left side with the left arm behind the body & the right arm forward, flexed at the elbow
• both legs are flexed at the knee, but the right leg is sharply flexed and positioned next to the left leg, which is slightly flexed
• man - rectum
• woman - rectum & vagina
• position used to administer an enema

• the patient is lying flat on the abdomen with the head turned slightly to the side
• the arms can be positioned above the head and extended or alongside the body
• the back, spine, and lower extremities can be examined in this position

• the patient is in a semi-sitting position with the head of the examination table tilted to produce a 45-60 degree angle
• knees may or may not be bent
• used for patients with dyspneic (difficult breathing) conditions because it promotes lung expansion

• the patient is lying flat on the back with arms at the sides or above the head
• facilitates examination of the chest, heart, abdomen, and extremities
• the head & neck can be examined in this position as well as certain neurologic reflex testing

a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body & divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides

a plane that is parallel to a midsagittal plane that divides the body or organ into unequal right & left sides

a plane from side to side that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

a plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

fat

resembling fat

fat

excision of fatty tissue

cell

cartilage

tumor composed of cartilage

fiber, fibrous tissue

any cell from which connective tissue develops

tissue

muscle

flesh (connective tissue)

abdomen

neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

coccyx (tailbone)

cranium, skull

ilium (lateral flaring portion of hip bone)

groin

loins (lower back)

pelvis

sacrum

spine

chest

umbilicus, navel

internal organs

vertebrae (backbone)

anterior, front

tail

head

far, farthest

back (of the body)

side, to one side

middle

back (of the body), behind, posterior

near, nearest

belly, belly side

from, away from

toward

above, upon

under, below

under, below

between

hollow space within the body that contains internal organs, also known as viscera

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

cranial & spinal cavities

• right upper quadrant
• right lower quadrant
• left upper quadrant
• right upper quadrant

• hypochondriac (R & L)
• epigastric
• lumbar (R & L)
• umbilical
• inguinal (R & L)
• hypogastric

• right lobe of liver
• gallbladder
• part of the pancreas
• part of the small & large intestines

• part of small & large intestines
• appendix
• right ovary
• right fallopian tubes
• right ureter

• left lobe of the liver
• stomach
• spleen
• part of the pancreas
• part of the large & small intestines

• part of the small & large intestines
• left ovary
• left fallopian tubes
• left ureter

anteroposterior

• first cervical vertebra
• second cervical vertebra
• etc.

cardiovascular

gastrointestinal

genitourinary

lateral

• first lumbar vertebra
• second lumbar vertebra
• etc.

left lower quadrant

left upper quadrant

• musculoskeletal
• multiple sclerosis
• mental status
• morphine sulfate

right lower quadrant

right upper quadrant

• first sacral vertebra
• second sacral vertebra
• etc.

• first thoracic vertebra
• second thoracic vertebra
• etc.

• 7 cervical vertebra
• 12 thoracic vertebra
• 5 lumbar vertebra
• 5 sacral vertebra
• 4 coccygeal vertebra