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Physiologic Divisions of NS
- Somatic
- Autonomic
- -Sympathetic (Fight or flight)
- -Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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Four parts of brain
- 1.Cerebrum (thought higher order)
- 2.Diencephalon
- -Thalamus/Hypo
- 3.Cerebellum (Balance,head,neck)
- 4.Brainstem (cough,swallow,arousel)
- -Midbrain
- -Pons
- -Medulla
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5 Levels of Consciousness
- 1. Conscious: awake aware
- 2. Hysterical: exaggerated and inappriote response
- 3.Depressed: less responsive
- 4.Stupor: eyes open cant focus
- 5. Coma: non responsive
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Dorsal Root Ganglea (func)
Sensory
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Ventral Root (func)
Motor
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Vertebral Formula
C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca3-24
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Brachial Plexus
collection of nerves C5-T2 - feed into front limb
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Lumbosacral Plexus
L4-S3 protected by pelvis
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Disease of the Brain
1. Trauma
- Direct or 2ndary (cranial pressure - lack of oxygen)
- C/S: Ataxic, anisocornia,epistaxis,ear & eye bleeds
- Tx: Physical:prop head up / Med:Mannitol,Diazapam,Dexamethasone
- Info for Clients: Irreversable, coma > 48hr = dead
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Disease of the Brain
2. Idiopathic Epilepsy
- Dx by rule outs/exclusions
- C/S: young animals, neuro norm between seizures
- Tx: Drugs hepatotoxic : Phenobarbital-if more than 1 a month / Potassium Bromide
- Info for clients: goal to dec amt % how bad seizures, cant cure, every 6 months for liver tests
- Breeds: intact, Germans, Goldens, Labs, poodles
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Disease of the Brain
3.Status Epilepticus
- Complecation not Dz, of seizing events/continual activity lasting longer than 5-10mins
- C/S: seizures, violent ones
- Tx: Valium, Sodium pentobarbital / check BG and blood calcium
- Info : same as 2.
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Disease of the Brain
4.Intervertebral Disc Disease
- Types of Herniations
- Type 1: young dog,acute rupture,T/L junc
- Type 2: chronic problem, loss of func over time
- C/S: pain,motor or sensory defects, dec pinikulos response, uni or bi
- Tx: Type 1: Med- steriods,bed rest,pain meds / Surgical- hemilamanectomy
- Type 2: steriods / Sx
- Infor for Clients: keep them at good weight, support backs holding
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Disease of the Brain
5.Idiopathic Vestibular Disease
- C/S: incompasitating loss of equilibium, head tilt,ataxia, comitting
- Dx: acute disorder, middle aged dog/cat
- Tx: valium, antiemtics, fluids, supportive care
- Outcome: will resolve in 3-6weeks if truelly idiopathic
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Disease of the Brain
6.Laryngeal Paralysis
- Causes
- -Acquired -lead poisoning,rabies,trauma,inflamedvegas
- -Idiopathic - older dogs
- -Hereditary - neutaring
- C/S: inspitory strider, exercise intolerance, cynotic
- Dx: LOOK
- Tx: laryngeal tieback
- Info for clients: Not good or ok - aspiration amonia / do not breed
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Disease of the Brain
7.Tick Paralysis
- Cause: Salivary neurotoxin (from female)
- C/S: Paralysis - dragging hindleg than moves cranially
- Dx: Find ticks R/O others
- Tx: remove tick
- Info for clients: flea tick prevention
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Hallmark of Dyspnea
Open mouth breathing / cyanotic
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Measuring O2 Concentration
- 1.Partial Pressure O2 Concen. - Directly proportional to amt # gas molecules in a given environment
- 2. arterial blood sample
- 3. Pulse Oximetry - 90% or below is hypoxic
- -Factors
- Body Temp, Movement, Light, Pigment
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O2 Delivery
- O2 Rich Environment = 40%
- Prolonged exposure = free raticals, blindness, fibrosis, pulmonary edema, atalectises
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Methods of O2 Delivery
- 1.Mask
- 2.Oxyhood
- 3.Nasal Cath - humidifier
- 4.INtratracheal Cath
- 5.O2 Cages
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Body Fluid Distribution
- TBW = 60%
- -intracellular 40% of 60% (Na,Cl,K)
- -extracellular 20% of 60% - can measure
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Fluid Loss
- Sensible
- -Urine, Blood, Vomitting, Diarrhea
- Insensible
- -Perspiration, Respiration, Fecal material
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Crystalliod Fluids
- Main type used
- 1. Replacement (sever dehydration/shock) -PSS or LRS
- 2. Maintence -(normal daily loss but cant intake) -LRS & Dextrose - 0.45% NACL & Dextrose
- 3.Hypertonic Saline - (rapidly inc IV blood volume, GDV, Shock) - 7.2% NaCl
- 4. 5% Dextrose in Water
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Colloids
- Are: high moleculer weight
- How?: traps in blood stream - pull water to them
- For: Shock, sepsis,gastroenteric Dz, sever burns
- Contraindication: can't clot, Heart Dz, Pulmonary Dz
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Blood Products
- Replace
- RBC, Plasma Proteins, Plts, Coagulation factors
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Parenteral Nutrition
- Sever GI upset - cant feed orally
- Peripheral - PPN
- Central Vein - TPN - Total nutrients
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Reasons for Fluid Therapy
- -replacing deficits of IV volume
- -meeting Maintenance fluid needs in patients
- -replacing losses
- -fluid diuresis
- -anesthesia/Sx
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