geography ch 7

the negative effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry.

The cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among function- dividiual firms because of their location among function-dividual firms because of their location among functionally related activities.

maintenance, and repair, recycling, security, and buisness services, for example.) togeather with initial growth , the growth in these linked industries helps to create a thresholdof activity large enough to attract (ancillary industries.)

Insignificant contributions to the flow of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade.

the negative impacts on a region ( or regions) of the economic growth of some other region.

The maximum number of users that can be sustained, over the long term, by a given set of natural resources.

Companies that have diversified into various economic activities , usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions.

involves with drawal of investments from activities ( and regions) that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities ( and new regions)

The Spraling buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the developement of external economies, agglomeration effects,and localization economies (Myrdral)

Syndrome of always having to borrow in order to fund developement.

A relative decline in industrial employment in core regions.

High level of reliance by a country on foreighn enterprises, investment, or technology.

Measure of the human pressures on the natural envirement from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution indicating how much space a population needs comparing to what is available.

Small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by goverments in order to attract export - oriented industries.

Cost savings that result from circumstances beyond a firms own organization and methods of production.

ability of manufacturers to shift quickly and efficiently from one level of output to another, or from one product configuration to another.

Principles for mass production based on assembly- line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher-wages, and spphisticated advertising techniques.

Total overseas buisness investments made by private companies.

Historical relationship between the present activities associated with a place and the past experiences of that place.

Estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs,goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.

Similar to GDP, but also includes the value of income from abroad.

Economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high growth industries.

Process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were bought from foreighn producers.

Increased supply of printed currency that leads to higher prices and international financial differentials.

Underlying framework of services and amenities needed to fascilitate productive activity.

Critical importance of an early start in economic developement; a special case of external economies.

Specialization, by countries, in particular products for export.

Manufacturing process in which daily or hourly delivery schedules of materials allow for minimal or zero inventories.

Cost osavings that accrue to a particular industries as a result of clustering togeather at a specific location.

Movement and storage of goods and the management of the entire supply chain, from purchase of raw materials through sale of the final product and back agai, for the replenishment of goods as they are sold.

Economic principles in which the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption is modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems.

Countries formerly peripheral within the world system that have aquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreighn direct investment.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developement.

Islands or microstates that have become a specialized node in the geography of worldwide financial flows.

Economic activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind.

Economic activities that deal with the hanling and processing of knowledge and information.

Econlomic activities that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities, or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods.

Posotive impacts on a region ( or regions) of the economic growth of some other region.

Commercial agreements between transnational corporations, usually involving shared technologies, marketing networks, market research, or product developement.

Vision of developement that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity.

Ratio of prices at which exports and imports are exchanged.

Economic activities involving the sale and exchange of goods and services.

Groups of Countries with formalized systems of trading agreements.

companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries.

Evolution from large, functionally integrated firms within a given industry toward networks of specialized firms, subcontractors, and suppliers.

City in which a disproportianate part of the worlds most important business is conducted.

At the global scale, the unevenness takes the form of core periphery contrasts. these contrasts raise imortant issues of spatial justice that are closed bound up with gender inequality and socialjustic. Similar core-periphery contrasts- and equally important issues o spatial justice- exist at the regional scale.