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Phonetics
The stystematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language
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Phonology
The study of language sounds
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Phonemes
The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language
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Morphemes
The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language
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Morphology
The sutdy of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language.
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Syntax
The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences
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Grammar
The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax
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language family
A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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Glottochronology
a method for identifying the approzimate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor.
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Core vocabulary
The most basic and longest-lasting words in any language.
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gendered speech
distinc male and female speech patterns which vary across social and cultural settings.
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dialects
varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social calsses and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
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gestures
facial expressions and body patterns that convery intended as well as subconscious messages
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kinesics
a system and notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages
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proxemics
the study of people's perception and use of space
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paralanguage
specific voice effects tht accompany speech and contribute to communication
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tonal language
a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is essential the the word's meaning
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whistled speech
exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice; also known as whistled language
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personality
the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves
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Margaret Mead
- Anthropologist that worked in the 1920's and 30's
- Coming of Age in Samoa; later criticized for accuracy
- worked with adolescence
- student of Franz; believed that culture socializes
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Ruth Benedict
- emotional "types" of cultures
- Apollonian (Zuni) v. Dionysian (Kwakiutl)
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Sapir
All about the language!
- Strong: language affects culture
- Weak: language limits culture
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enculturation
making people fit the model
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dependence v. independence
cooperation v. individualism
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Orientations
- Object awareness
- spatial orientation
- temporal orientation
- normative orientation-- moral ideals/principles
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modal personality
statistical concept; most frequently occurring
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national character
traditions; sometimes connected to hatred of oustiders
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chu
core values; values promoted by a particular culture
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convergent evolution
started in different places, developed similar cultural adaptations
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parallel evolution
started similar... remained similar
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culture core
cultural featurs that are fundamental in the societys way of making its living-- including food producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
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culture area
a geographic region in which a number of societis follow similar patterns of life
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foraging
- hunting, fishing and gathering wild plant foods
- bushmen!
- hunters/gatherers are considered more sedentary
- organization: semi nomadic bands
- **can only forage a reasonable distance away from water
- egalitarian: equal division of labor; little to no surplus
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Neolithic
the new stone age; now people have domesticated plants/food
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horticulture
- accomplished with simple hand held tools
- slash and burn or swidden farming is an example of this
- is a sustainable form of agriculture in areas of low population density
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agriculture
producing food on farms; technology other than hand tools used, such as irrigation, fertilizers, etc.
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pastoralism
breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing and browsing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels.
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nomadic pastoralism
winters in the summer, meadows in the winter
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