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tjtolman
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Photosynthesis definition:
Process which energy of sunlight is used to fix/redue CO2 into organic compounds
- Ability to make food using sunlight
- Function: Produce sugars
Photoautotrophs/half in ocean
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Equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2+12H20 ---> C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2
CO2's reduced
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Overal procedure of Photosythesis:
- 1.) cpature suns energy
- 2.) makes ATP and NADPH (electron carrier like NADH)
- 3.) uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar
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Where is photosyntheis occuring:
(green parts) Chloroplasts
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Structure of a leaf:
 - CO2 leaves from Stoma
- Stoma is made of guard cells that open and close (prevent H20 from escaping)
- Parenchyma- generalized cell typ
- eq: spongy parenchyma/palisade parenchyma
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Chloroplasts Figure:
 - inside thylakoids: photosystem...
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Photosystem:
 - Energy bounces around until it hits the reaction center
SENDS OUT ENERGY
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C.B. Van Niel's Work
- 1930's purple sulfur bacteria
- using CO2 + 2H(S) ---light---> CH2O + H2O + 2(S)
- S-sulfur
- he predicted then maybe the general equation for photosyntheis is:
- CO2 + 2H(some element)---> CH2O + H2O + 2(some element)
- so by emplementing oxygen we get:
- CO2+2HO--->CH2O+H2O+O2
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carbon fixation:
the generated H+ ions and electrons by splitting water were used to convert CO2 into organic matter
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2-stage process (photosynthesis)
- a) light dependent reactions: uses suns energy to make ATP and NADH
- b) light independent reactions: (non dependent on light)
- -Calvin cycle
- -uses ATP and NADH
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Radiant energy
- light from sun (waves/packets)
- waves = photons
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Length of light wave: (electromagnetic spectrum)
- longe wave: little energy
- short wave: higher energy
- gamma rays (short/blue)----visible light---- radio waves (long/red)
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photosynthetic pigments:
absorb light and use it for photosynthesis
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Chloryphyll
- (green) reflects green light and absorbs other colors
- -main pigment in plants
- -in thylakoid membranes
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Types of chlorophyll:
- chlorophyll a - main kind
- chlorophyll b - accessory pigments- help out
- chlorophyll c - " "
- caratanoids - yellow,orange/accessory pigments
- phycobiloproteins - red and blue (red algae)
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Absorption spectrum of a pigment:
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Action spectrum vs absorption spectrum
- action is sum of all pigments (rate of photosynthesis)
- absorbstion is single pigment
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NADPH
- another electron carrier like NADH
 - light dependent reactions:
- H2O+NADP+ADP+P ----light---> NADPH + O2 + ATP
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Pigments organized into:
- Photosystems:
 - Photosystem I - reaction center
- Photosystem II -
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Z scheme
 - Non cyclic (begin and ends) photophosphorulation = made ATP
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Calvin Cycle
- makes sugar using ATP and NADPH (in stoma)
- Steps:
- 1) Carbon fixation
- 2) Reduction
- 3) Regeneraton of RuBP
- For every 3 molecules of CO2 that enter= 1 molecule of G3P (sugar)
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Enzyme carries out reaction that incorporates CO2 into organic form:
Rubisco is the enzyme that helps the carbon fixation reaction (very slow 3 substrates/sec)
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Photorespiration
- RuBP (rubisco) combines w/ O2 instead of CO2 = sugar is lost if CO2 is low or temp is high.
- @25degrees C 20% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is lost.
Stoma is closed (hot environments)
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C3, C4, and CAM plants
C3- plants use calvin cycle
- C4- more efficient to capture CO2
- no photoresperation
- Stoma can be closed more
- 4C sugars involved
- C4 pathway and calvin cycle
- (corn,grabgrass)
- making of sugar w/o lots of CO2
CAM plants: C4 and C3 pathways. two pathways in same cell but seperated in time. C4 at night.
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