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Aristotelian Universe
- Derived from Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Plato
- Classical Writings "christianized"
- Components of Medieval Cosmology
- Medieval Physics
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
- Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Universities
- The Italian Renaissance
- Renewed emphasis on mathematics
- Renaissance system of patronage
- Navigational problems of long sea voyages
- better scientific instruments
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Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
- Rise of the "Scientific Community"
- -Royal Society of London (1662)
- -Academy of Royal Sciences (1666)
- The modern scientific method
- A universe ordered according to natural laws
- Laws discovered by human reason
- "De-spiritualized and de-mystified the universe
- Mechanical View of the Universe
- Deistic View of God
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What was the Enlightenment?
- Progressive, Rationalistic, humanistic Worldview
- Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and culminated in the French Revolution
- Spokesmen were the rising Middle Class and Paris was its center
- Optimism about mankind's abilities
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Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
- Distrusted tradition and revealed religion
- Scientific method could be applied to society as well
- Society can get better as risks are taken
- Man i naturally good
- Good life is on earth
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The World of the Old Regime
- Built on tradition
- world of hierarchy, privilege and inequality
- allied with the Church
- Challenged by the reform impulse of supporters of the Enlightenment`
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Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class
- Support for the Middle class social order against the traditional social order
- Size and increasing power of the Middle Class
- New notion of wealth
- Tension and discord created by the Middle Class
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Popularization of Science
- The popularity of science in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Conversations on the Plurality of the Worlds (1686)- Bernard de Fontenelle
- The Scientific Revolution promised the comprehensibility of the workings of the universe
- It promise cures for diseases and solutions to everyday problems of life
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A New World of Uncertainties
- The idea of Progress
- The anti-religious implications of the Enlightenment
- The relativity of truth and morality
- John Locke's New Psychology
- - Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
- -"Tabula Rasa"
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The Philosophes
- 18th century French Intellectuals
- Interest in addressing a broad audience
- Committed to reform
- Celebrated the scientific revolution
- the "Mystique of Newton"
- Science applied to society
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The Problem of Censorship
- The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking
- Publishers and writers hounded by censors
- Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700's
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The Role of the Salon
- Protection and encouragement offered by French aristocratic women in their private drawing rooms
- Feminine influence on the Ennlightenment
- Madame Geoffrin
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Diderot's Encyclopedia
- Ultimate strength of philosophies lay in their numbers, dedication and organization
- The Encyclopedia was written between 1751-1772
- Attempted to illustrate all human knowledge
- Problems with publication
- Emphasis on practical science
- Desire to change the "general way of thinking"
- Greater knowledge leads to human progress
- Emphasized moderation and tolerance
- Human nature can be molded
- Inalienable rights and the social contract
- Knowledge improves goodness
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