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Hematopoiesis
Process of blood cell formation.
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Short Bones
Are wide as they are long.
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Sesamoid Bones
Unique, irregular bones embedded in the substance of tendons and usually located around a joint. I.e. Kneecap
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Orthopedics
Medical specialty that deals with the prevention and correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
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Diaphysis
- Main shaftlike portion of a long bone.
- Consists of a hollow cylinder of compact bone.
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Meduallry (Marrow) Cavity
Within the center of the diaphysial shaft is the meduallry (marrow) cavity.
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Haversian Canals
Compact bone has a system of small canals called the haversian canals that extends lengthwise through the bone.
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Cancellous Bone
- Also called spongy bone or trabecular bone, is not as dense as compact bone.
- Trabeculae: Needlelike bony spicules that give the cancellous bone its spongy appearance.
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Red Bone Marrow
- The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow. It is in the red marrow that blood cell production occurs throughout one's life.
- In an infant or child almost all of the bones contain red marrow.
- In the adult the bones that still contain red marrow include the ribs, the vertebrae, the epiphyses of the humerus and the femur, the sternum, and the pelvis.
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Yellow Marrow
Stores fat and is not an active site for blood cell production in the adult.
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Osteoblasts
- Immature bone cells.
- They actively produce the bony tissue that replaces the cartilages.
- The conversion of the fibrous connective tissue and cartilage into bone or a bony substance is known as ossification.
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Epiphysis
Located at each end of a long bone.
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Epishyseal Line
A layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis of the bone.
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Periosteum
- Thick white fibrous membrane that covers the surface of the long bone except at joint surfaces.
- These joint surfaces are covered with Articular Cartilage (A thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints).
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Compact Bone
- Hard outer shell of the bone.
- Lies under the periosteum.
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Osteoclasts
- Large cells that digest, or absorb, bony tissue.
- They help to hollow out the central portion of the bone by eating away at or destroying the old bone tissue from the inner walls of the medullary cavity.
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Resorption
Process of removing old bone tissue, or destroying it so that its components can be absorbed into circulation.
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Osteocytes
- Matture bone cells.
- living cells that continue to maintain the bone without producing new bone tissue.
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Tuberosity
An elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone usually for attachment of muscles or tendons.
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Trochanter
Large bony process located below the neck of the femur, for the attachment of muscles.
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Condyle
A knucklelie projection at the end of a bone usually fits into a fossa of another bone to form a joint.
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Crest
A distinct border or ridge an upper elevated edge as in the upper part of the hip bone (iliac crest), generally a site for muscle attachment.
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Sulcus or Fissure
A groove or depression in a bone, a fissure.
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Sinus
An opening or hollow space in a bone, as in the paranasal sinuses or the frontal sinus.
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Fossa
A hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone.
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Foramen
A hole within a bone that allows blood vessels or nerves to pass through, as in the foramen magnum of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through it.
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Cranial Bones
- 8 of them.
- The borders meet to form sutures or immovable joints.
- Frontal: forehead
- Parietal (2): most of the top and the upper sides of the cranium.
- Occipital: back of the head and the base of the skull.
- Temporal (2): forms the lower sides and part of the base of the skull.
- Sphenoid: located at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones.
- Ethmoid: lies just behind the the nasal bone, in front of the sphenoid bone.
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Fontanelle
- A space between bones of an infant's cranium that is covered by a tough membrane.
- Normally closes between 18 and 24 months.
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Facial Bones
- There are 14 of them.
- Maxillae (2): upper jaw.
- Mandible: lower jaw.
- Zygomatic (2): One on each side of the face, form the high part of the cheek and the outer border of the orbits.
- Nasal bones (2): upper part of the bridge.
- Lacrimal bones (2): inner corner of each eye.
- Vomer: Thin flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum.
- Palatine bones (2): shaped like a letter L. Forms the sidewall of the back of the nasal cavity.
- Nasal Conchae (2): Bones help to complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall.
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Hyoid Bone
- Located just above the larynx and the mandible.
- Serves as points of attachment for muscles of the tongue and throat.
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Vertebral Bones
- 24 of them and the sacrum and coccyx.
- C1-C7
- T1-T12
- L1-L5 (larger and heavier since they support the back and lower trunk of the body.
- Sacrum
- Coccyx (4)
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Vertebrae
- Parts of the vertebrae:
- Vertebral Body
- Vertebral Foramen
- Lamina
- Tansverse Process
- Spinous Process
- Vertebral Arch
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Bones of the Thorax
- 12 pairs of ribs.
- True Ribs: first seven parts of the ribs.
- False Ribs: consist of the next three pairs of ribs (8-10)
- Floating Ribs: last two ribs.
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Manubrium
Broad upper end of the sternum.
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Acromion
Somewhat spoon shaped projection of the scapula that connects with the clavicle to form the highest point of the shoulder.
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Humerus
- Upper arm bone.
- Joins the scapula above and the radius and ulna below.
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Olecranon
Forms the point of the elbow.
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Carpals
- Bones of the wrist are known as the carpals.
- Each wrist has eight bones carpal bones (two rows of 4 bones each).
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Metacarpals
Bones of the hand are known as metacarpals.
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Phalanges
- Bones of the fingers are known as the phalanges.
- Each finger has 3 phalangeal bones. The thumb has only 2.
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Ilium
Largest of the 3 hip bones.
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Iliac Crest
Upper curved edge of the ilium.
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Ischial Spine
Ischium has a projection on either side, at the back of the pelvic outlet, known as the ischial spine.
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Ischium
Lowest part of the hip bones and is the strongest of the pelvic bones.
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Symphysis Pubis
Point of connection of the two pubic bones.
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Acetabulum
Segments of the ilium, ischium, and pubis form the acetabulum which is the socket that serves as the connecting point for the femur.
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Sacral Foramen
Small openings in the fused segments of the sacrum through which the sacral nerves pass.
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Patella
Largest sesamoid bone.
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Tibia
Larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones.
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Fibula
Lateral to the tibia.
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Bones of the Ankle
- Tarsals
- Calcaneus (heel bone)
- Talus (joins the tib and fib to form the ankle joint).
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Bones of the Foot
- Metatarsals
- Heads of the metatarsals form the ball of the foot.
- Phalanges: bones of the toes. Each toe has 3 except for the big toe which only has 2.
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Stenosis
Abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure.
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Tubercle
A small rounded process of a bone.
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-blast
Embryonic stage of development.
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-clast or -clastic
To break.
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Malac/o or -malacia
Softening.
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Myel/o
Spinal cord or bone marrow.
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-physis
Growth or growing.
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Por/o
Cavity opening passage or pore.
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Sten/o
Short, contracted, or narrow
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Osteoporosis
- Literally means porous bones, that is bones that were once strong become fragile.
- Classic sings of osteoporosis is kyphosis.
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Osteomalacia
- A disease in which the bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.
- When the disease occurs in children it is called rickets.
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Osteomyelitis
- A local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow, resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood.
- Most frequently caused by a staphylococcal infection.
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Malaise
Vague feeling of discomfort.
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Purulent
A pus containing drainage.
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Ewing's Sarcoma
Malignant tumor of the bones common to young adults, particularly adolescent boys.
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Osteogenic Sarcoma or Osteosarcoma
- Malignant tumor arising from bone.
- Most common malignant bone tumor.
- Common sites being the distal femur, proximal tibia, and the proximal humerus.
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Osteochondroma
- Most common benign bone tumor.
- The femur and tibia are most frequently involved.
- usually located within the bone marrow cavity.
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Paget's Disease or Osteitis Deformans
- Nonmetabolic disease of the bone, chracterized by excessive bone destruction (breakdown of bone tissue by the osteoclasts) and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts.
- This bone is weak and prone to fractures.
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Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramini openings of the lumbar spinal canal.
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Talipes Equinovarus
Clubfoot.
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Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of a portion of the spine.
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Fractures
- Closed fracture: simple fracture.
- Open fracture: compound fracture.
- Complete fracture: break that extends through the entire thickenss of the bone.
- Greenstick fracture: incomplete fracture.
- Compression fracture: caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other.
- Impacted Fracture: occurs when a direct force causes the bone to break.
- Comminuted fracture: splinters or crushes a segment of a bone.
- Colles' fracture: Lower end of the radius within 1" of connecting with the wrist bones.
- Hairline fracture: is also known as a stress fracture.
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Bone Scan
IV injection of a radioisotope which is absorbed by bone tissue.
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Bone Marrow Aspiration
Process of removing a small sample of bone marrow from a selected site.
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DEXA
- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
- Noninvasive procedure that measures bone density.
- It is an X-ray machine that generates energy photons that pass through the bones.
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