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Using graphs and numbers to describe data
Exploratory data analysis
based on haphazardly selectred individual cases
anecdotal evidence
data thats collected for a particular purpose but can also serve as the basis for drawing sound conclusions about other research questions
Available data
Observeations of individuals and measure variables of interest but do not attempt to influence the responses
Observation study
Deliberately impose some treatment on individuals and observe their responses
Experiement
Individuals on which the experiment is done are the:
Experimental units
When the experimental units are human beings they are called:
subjects
When a specific experimental condition is applied to the units its called:
Treatment
The explanatory variables in an experiment are often called:
factors
The group of patients who receive a sham treatment is called:
a control group
if the design of a study systematically favors certain outcomes
biased
The design of an experiment:
response variable or variables
the factors (explanatory variables
the layout of the treatments
An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance is called:
statistically significant
neither subjects themselves nor the medical personnel who worked with them knew which treament any subject had recieved
double-blind
compares just two treatments by matching subjects in pairs
matched pairs design
a group of experimental units or subjects that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatment
A block
The random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block
block design
The basic principles of statistical design:
control
randomization
repetition
whats a tool for randomization?
table of random digits
What reduces the role of chance variation and makes the experiment more sensitive to differences among the treatments
Repetition of the treaments on many units
The entire group of individuals that we want information about is called:
population
part of the population that we actually examine inorder to gather information
a sample
consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal
voluntary response sample
size n consits of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of