chapter 14

khanates

Chinggis Khan

kuriltai

khagan

tumens

Muhammad Shah

Karakorum

Ogedei

Golden Horde

Batu

Alexander Nevskii

Kulikova

Prester John

Hulegu

Mamluks

Baibars

Berke

Kubilai Khan

Tatu

Chabi

Romance of the West Chamber

White Lotus Society

Ju Yuanzhang

Timur-i Lang

1200 to 1400

Kabul Khan

was elected Khagan (supreme ruler) of the Mongol tribes.

military units within the Mongol armies.

pretended flight to draw the enemy out followed by heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks

the new capital constructed by Chinggis Khan for his empire.

Ogedei

was divided into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities.

used its position as collector of tribute for the Mongols and the seat of Russian Orthodoxy to emerge as the political leader of Russia.

The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization.

Kubilai.

• A) Chinese were forbidden to serve at any level of the Mongol administration.
• B) None of the answers are correct.
• C) Mongols were forbidden to marry ethnic Chinese.
• D) Chinese scholars were forbidden to learn the Mongol script.
• E) Only women from nomadic families were selected for the imperial harem.

ANSWER: A

refused to reinstate the examination system for the civil service.

Ju Yuanzhang

China.

• A) Moscow
• B) Rizan
• C) All of the listed cities were destroyed.
• D) Kiev
• E) Novgorod

• A) A legal code was promulgated to prevent feuds between Mongol clans.
• B) Farmers were taxed to support the Mongol courts and military expeditions.
• C) Chinese and Islamic bureaucrats were strictly banned from service in the Mongol administration.
• D) Trade routes were made secure for all to traverse.
• E) A script was devised for the Mongolian language to facilitate keeping records.

ANSWER: C

• A) The Mongols were primarily herders of cattle and horses.
• B) The Mongols were capable of forming tribal confederations in times of war.
• C) The basic social unit of the Mongols was the tribe.
• D) Leaders were elected by the free men of the group.
• E) Mongol leaders were selected by all free males for as long as they could hold power.

ANSWER: B

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Hode; helped break Mongol hold over Russia

Third son of Chiggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death.

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10.

Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm kingdom; attempted to resist Mongol conquest; conquered in 1220.

Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360's from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.

Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.

Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chingis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.

Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present day Beijing

Influencial wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interest of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of the Chinese.

Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271.

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in Chinal typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule.

Chinese peasant who led successful revol against Yuan in 124th century; founded Ming dynasty.

Name given to a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom had supposedly bee cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this mythical ruler.

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected.

Capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan.

One of the four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan's death, originally ruled by his grandson Batu; territory covered much of what is today south central Russia.

to unite the Mongol tribes.

Although Genghis Khan was a skilled war leader in his own right, he did not personally lead armies into Russia or against the Abbasids, and the Mongols never conquered western Europe. It was by uniting the Mongol tries that Genghis Khan truly changed the course of history.

warfare, nation building.

During the 1200's. Mongol armies conquered several lands, including Russia and parts of China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. They succeeded largely thanks to their talents as cavalrymen, their skills in archery, and their ability to adopt advanced military technology and techniques from peoples they had defeated. However, by 1260 Mongol unity collapsed with the death of Khan Mongke, and civil war ensued. During the late 1300's, the Ottoman Turks gained control of many lands the Mongols once ruled.

cavalry armed with bows and arrows.

Mongol armies excelled on horseback and in archery. The Mongols as well as their horse both enjoyed great endurance.

They adopted advanced technology quickly, They organized their armies effectively, and They were talented cavalrymen.

Although the Mongols did not have the largest army of all time, they did adopt advanced technology from conquered peoples, organized their armies into tightly knit military units, and were excellent horsemen.

France: The Mongols conquered parts of eastern Europe but their ruler never extended as far west as France. By the 1240's, when they were in reach of western Europe, they were overextended, far from home, and fighting on unfamiliar terrain.

It was ruled by the Mongols for two centuries

Buddhism & Confucianism

B) the demand for European products such as wool, porcelain, sugar, spices, and coffee.

E) the princes of Moscow

a much smaller Song dynasty that had lost much of their territory to other empires.

They tended to adopt the religions of the people they had defeated.

The Mongols often chose to follow Buddhism or Islam, both of which had originated in areas they had conquered. They used the Turkic language, as their written script.

maintaining trade along the Silk Road

Encouraging economic exchange, the Mongols allowed trade to continue along the Silk Road, which ran through Central Asia. They were not known for encouraging maritime trade, though.

D) all of the above.

In the 1200's, the Mongols maintained a high level of administrative skill as rulers of a vast empire. They facilitated communications by use of the language Uighur and an efficient postal system, and printed paper currency for economic transaction.

The Mongols were unable to administer such a large territory effectively.

China