Quiz 2 (Mike).txt

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  1. What are the indications for airway clearance?
    • - Retained secretions:
    • Atelectasis
    • RDS
    • BPD
    • Intubation
    • Ineffective cough
    • Pain
    • Paralysis
    • Neuromuscular disease
    • - Excessive secretions:
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Pneumonia
    • Asthma
    • Broncholitis
    • Bronchiectasis
    • - Aspiration:
    • Meconium
    • Foreign body
    • - Prophylaxis:
    • Post-extubation
  2. What are the contra-indication for airway clearance?
    • Pulmonary hemorrhage
    • Hypoxemia during treatment
    • Feedings within the previous 45-60 minutes
    • History of reflux
    • History of intraventricular hemorrhage
    • Untreated pneumothorax
    • Congestive heart failure
  3. What is the indication for suctioning?
    To facilitate the removal of respiratory tract secretions
  4. What are the hazards of suctioning?
    • Bradycardia.
    • - Vagal nerve stimulation.
    • - Hypoxemia induced.
    • Hypoxemia.
    • Mucosal damage.
    • Atelectasis.
    • Airway contamination
  5. What is the procedure for suctioning a neonatal patient, including catheter size?
    • Suction catheter should be no larger than half the size of the inner diameter of the endotracheal tube.
    • - Table 6-5 pg. 167
    • Suction vacuum should be set at negative 60-80 for infants.
    • - Negative 80-100 for pediatric patient
    • Limit to less than 5 seconds of suction.
    • Saline irrigation needs to be limited to 0.5 ml of normal saline.
    • Pre-oxygenate at 10-15% higher FI02 unless patient has problems, then increase as needed.
  6. What is Postural drainage?
    Placing the patient in the correct gravity dependent position to let gravity pull the secretion up toward larger airways
  7. What is Percussion?
    • Rhythmic clapping on the chest to get the vibration to loosen secretions from the airways.
    • Done while the patient is in gravity dependent position, this will facilitate secretion removal
  8. What is Vibration?
    A rapid movement of the chest wall to shake loose secretions
  9. What is PEP?
    • A resistance device is used to create positive expiratory pressure as the patient breathes in and out through via mask or mouthpiece.
    • May (or may not) be given in conjunction with aerosol therapy.
    • The expiratory resistance is performed 10-20 times followed by forced exhalation technique to expel secretions.
    • The expiratory resistance causes mechanical bronchodilation and increases the ventilation of areas distal to the mucous obstructions.
    • Forced exhalations then propel mucous up and our of the airway.
    • Use as many repeated attempts as needed to remove mucous.
    • As the patient exhales resistance is adjustable to 15-30 or as high as 60-80 cm H2O
  10. What is forced expiratory technique (FET)?
    • After performing PEP therapy, the patient should perform a
    • forced expiratory maneuver (Huff Cough).
    • - Patient inhales slowly then does 2-3 "huff" exhalations against an open glottis followed by a strong cough.
    • - The "huffs" help to stabilize and keep the airways open, allowing secretions to mobilize in the airways.
  11. What is the Flutter Valve?
    • Action: Loosens mucus through expiratory oscillation as positive expiratory pressure splints airways
    • Used independently
    • Technique dependent
    • Portable
    • May not be effective at low airflows
    • Time required: 10 - 15 minutes
  12. What is the Vest?
    Generally, you will start with the pressure control dial at #1 and increase, as tolerated.

    • Setting the frequency for CF patients.
    • Low freq. 5-10 Hz for 10 min.
    • Medium freq. 11-15 Hz for 10 min.
    • High freq. 16-20 Hz for 10 min
  13. What are some facts about Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation (IPV)?
    • Used independently or with caregiver supervision
    • Used with aerosolized meds
    • Technique dependent
    • May not be well tolerated by patient
    • Action: "percussion" on both inspiration, but most benficial on expiration
    • Rate 120-300 cycles/min (2 - 5 Hz).
    • Pressures of 10-40 cm H2O
    • Nebulizer produces dense, small particle aerosol
    • Time required: 20 minutes
  14. In theory, three forms of therapy are provided during IPV:
    • 1. percussive oscillatory vibrations which loosen retained secretions.
    • 2. high density aerosol delivery to hydrate viscous mucous plugs
    • 3. positive expiratory pressure (PEP) to recruit alveolar lung units and assist in expiratory flow acceleration during a cough maneuver.
  15. What is an In-Exsufflator?
    • Action: creates mechanical "cough" through the use of high flows at positive and negative pressures.
    • Positive/negative pressures up to 60 cm of water.
    • Used independently or with caregiver assistance.
    • There are five primary settings on the typical automatic in-exsufflator:
    • - The inhale time.
    • - The inhale pressure.
    • - The exhale time.
    • - The exhale pressure.
    • - The pause time between the inhale and exhale phases.
    • These settings are adjusted so that they generate a good, productive cough without causing discomfort.
  16. What are the indications for aerosol therapy?
    the need to deliver an aerosol medication to the lower airways
  17. What are some substances we aerosolize?
    • Beta adrenergic agents
    • Anticholinergic agents
    • Anti-inflammatory agents (Corticosteroids)
    • Mediator-modifying compounds (Mast Cell Wall Stabilizers)
    • Mucokinetics (Mucolytics)
  18. What are the hazards of aerosol therapy?
    • Nosocomial infection
    • Medication side effects
    • Drug reconcentration
    • Ventilator malfunction
    • Excessive noise
  19. What will affect particle amount and size?
    • - Depends on the type of nebulizer.
    • - Jets are used often but the amount varies considerably depending on the type and brand of nebulizer used.
    • - In pediatrics, like adults, much of the medication is lost during expiration.
    • More drug is delivered when the volume of diluents is increased.
    • When administered to intubated infants, the dosages need to be increased due to the reduced deposition.
  20. What will affect Particle characteristics?
    • Hygroscopic nature of particles.
    • Viscosity and concentration of the medication.
    • Velocity the drug (due to the administration device).
  21. What are some affects of Airway anatomy?
    • The narrower the airway, the greater the deposition.
    • Neonatal airway is small to start with then add the ET tube, bronchoconstriction, and mucous.
    • Whitaker believes that the amount that the amount of drug reaching the terminal airways is negligible.
  22. What are some affects of Ventilatory pattern on aerosol deposition?
    • Best pattern is with laminar flow in a slow deep inspiration with inspiratory pause.
    • This may be done on a ventilator but is near impossible with a breathing infant.
  23. What are advantages of nebulizers?
    • Little patient coordination required
    • Effective in acute respiratory distress, flow, or volume
    • Ability to give either a large or small volume of aerosol
    • Drug dosage and/or particle size can be modified
  24. What are disadvantages of nebulizers?
    • Relatively expensive
    • Less easily transported
    • Cleaning and preparation required
    • Amount of medication delivered is variable
    • Provides a medium for bacterial growth.
  25. What are the advantages of MDI?
    • Very portable
    • Efficient drug delivery
    • Short preparation and delivery time
    • Particles resist hygroscopic growth
    • Can be used on newborns/infants
  26. What are the disadvantages of MDI?
    • Coordination difficulties.
    • Limited choice of drugs and concentrations.
    • Possible reaction to propellants.
    • Oropharyngeal impaction.
    • Foreign body aspiration.
  27. What are the advantages of DPI?
    • Similar to MDI
    • Limited hand breath coordination needed
    • No propellants
    • Doses easily counted
  28. What are the disadvantages of DPI?
    • Limited number of drugs
    • Possible airway irritation
    • Possible reaction to the carrier powder
    • Requires high inspiratory flow
    • Requires loading before use
    • Less useful in acute obstruction
    • Can only be used on ages 4+
  29. What is the SPAG and what is it used for?
    • Designed to deliver Ribavirin for RSV bronchiolitis
    • Gas-powered jet nebulizer uses three jets
    • Uses drying chamber to shrink particles
    • Baffle is sides of container
    • Aerosolized Ribavirin has generally fallen out of favor as a treatment for RSV.
    • The exception being patients with chronic respiratory or cardiac anomalies who go on to develop RSV.
    • New research is looking at Ribavirin as a possible treatment for SARS.
  30. What are the indications for Oxygen Therapy?
    • Treat and relieve documented hypoxemia
    • Decrease WOB
    • Decrease workload on heart
  31. What are the contradications for Oxygen Therapy?
    NONE!
  32. For Neonates less than 35 weeks gestation, what is expected PaO2 and SpO2?
    • Pao2 50 - 70 mmHg
    • Spo2 88 - 95%
  33. For Larger infants and children greater than 35 weeks gestation, what is expected PaO2 and SpO2?
    • Pao2 > 60 mmHg
    • Spo2 > 95%
  34. What are the signs of hypoxia in a newborn?
    • Retractions
    • Grunting
    • Nasal flaring
    • Apnea and/or bradycardia
    • Cyanosis
    • - Because fetal Hb has increased affinity for 02 the newborn's pa02 may drop to 30-40 torr before cyanosis appears
  35. What are the hazards of Oxygen Therapy in a new born?
    • ROP
    • Oxygen toxicity
    • Cerebral vasoconstriction
    • Fire hazard
  36. What is the GOAL of Oxygen Therapy in a newborn?
    • Maintain pa02 of 50-80 torr based on the age of the newborn
    • Pa02 of pa02 of 100 torr may be required for PPHN (persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn)
  37. What are common Oxygen Delivery Devices for neonatal and pediatric patients?
    • Oxygen Hood
    • Oxygen Cannula
    • Mist Tent
    • Oxygen Mask
    • Resuscitation Bag
  38. What is an Oxygen Hood and when are they used?
    • delivery device of choice in the preemie for the first days of life.
    • The oxygen is administered via a heated humidified hood via a blender.
    • - Both the fi02 and the air temperature must be controlled.
    • - An O2 analyzer should always be used.
    • Increased CO2 build up if the flow is too low is a potential hazard
  39. What is an Oxygen Cannula and when are they used?
    • Newborns, even preemies can be given 02 by nasal cannula.
    • USED ON PATIENT with chronic oxygen needs or as weaning tool from other modes of delivery.
    • Because the infant's Ve is so low, the FI02 at a given flow rate differs drastically from the FI02 of adult 02 cannula.
    • Neonatal flow meters can be calibrated as low as 0.025 lpm.
    • Estimated FIO2 on the nasal cannula at various flowrates for patients under two years of age:
    • 1/4 Lpm 25%
    • 1/2 Lpm 30%
    • 1 lpm 35%
  40. What is a Mist Text and when are they used, and what is the disadvantage of it?
    • RARELY USED ANYMORE
    • Once the infant is old enough to roll over and sit up, he is too big for a O2 hood.
    • The disadvantage of a mist tent is that the infant will no longer get an exact fi02 inside the croup tent.
    • The fi02 of the mist tent runs between 21% and 50%, but there is little control because the enclosure is too large for fine-tuning.
    • Mist tents are more tolerated by the infant, since mom can get in tent to hold them
  41. What is an Oxygen Mask, when are they used, and is it a good choice for oxygen delivery device?
    • The 02 mask is a poor choice for an infant because it can obstruct his/her airway.
    • It is a poor choice for the toddler because the child has an instinct to protect his/her face and nose and he/she will pull it off.
    • At about 3 years of age the child might wear a mask, but the nasal cannula is generally preferred.
    • Once a child is old enough to tolerate a mask, one has the same choices as with the adult.
    • As with the adult patient the entrainment mask is the only sure method of exact fi02 delivery because these are high flow systems.
  42. What are the indications for Resuscitation bag?
    • Delivery of oxygen for short periods.
    • Delivery of oxygen during initial resuscitation.
    • FIO2 80-100% when used properly with reservoir.
  43. What is thermoregulation?
    The maintenance of equality between the heat dissipation and heat production from the body.
  44. What is themal neutral zone?
    When the infant is neither gaining nor loosing heat and the oxygen consumption is its lowest, then balance is achieved.
  45. What is desired Rectal and Skin Temperature?
    • rectal temperature at 36.5-37.5
    • skin temperature 36-36.5
  46. What is Internal Thermal Gradient, and what is it regulated by?
    • The difference in temperature between the warm core of the body and the cool skin
    • - Regulated by:
    • The metabolic rate.
    • The amount of subcutaneous fat.
    • The body surface area.
    • The distance from the body core to the skin surface
  47. What is non shivering thermogenesis?
    increased heat production due to burning of brown fat
  48. Why do preemies have a difficult time regulating ITG (Internal Thermal Gradient)?
    • A large amount of skin surface to body weight.
    • Relatively thin layers of skin.
    • Low amounts of body fat.
    • A high metabolic rate and rarely get enough calories to keep them warm
  49. What are the 4 types of heat loss that concerns us in the NICU?
    • Radiant
    • Conductive
    • Convective
    • Evaporative
  50. What is Radiant heat loss?
    Dissipation of heat to surrounding objects not in direct contact with them
  51. What is Conductive heat loss?
    Transfer of heat to cooler surfaces in contact with the infant like wet blankets or cold stethoscope.
  52. What is Convective heat loss?
    Loss of heat from the skin to surrounding air. Air currents carry away warm blanket of air around them
  53. What is Evaporative heat loss?
    As liquids (urine, sweat) evaporate, they carry away heat
  54. What is Hypothermia in a newborn referred to as and hazards of it?
    • - Cold Stress:
    • The initial response to cold stress is vasoconstriction to shunt away from the skin.
    • - This leads to:
    • Anaerobic metabolism in shunted areas causing metabolic acidosis.
    • Pulmonary vasoconstriction and worsens the hypoxemia and acidosis but altering the V/Q ratio.
    • Hypoxemia, further worsening the response to hypothermia
  55. ___________ also triggers nonshivering thermogenesis and fat metabolism to produce heat resulting in further acidosis and hypoglycemia. All of these factors will keep the infant warm for a while. If the cold stress if corrected, the neonate may recover with no harm
    Hypothermia
  56. ___________ produces initial vasodilation to dissipate heat and is soon followed by increased metabolism and oxygen consumption
    Hyperthermia
  57. What cause Hyperthermia?
    • Infection.
    • Dehydration.
    • Malfunctioning incubator.
    • Radiant warmer.
    • Humidifier.
    • Phototherapy lights
  58. What is Insensible Water Loss?
    • Extra cellular fluid makes up 45% of body weight of a term infant vs. 60% of a 32 week infant.
    • This means that the more premature the infant, the more they are prone to insensible water loss
  59. What are some factors the cause Insensible Water Loss?
    • Increased motor activity.
    • Skin break down.
    • Respiratory distress.
    • Fever.
    • Phototherapy.
    • Congenital skin defects.
    • Environmental temperature.
  60. What is an Isolette?
    An Isolette (incubator) is an environmental containment chambers that contains the neonate in a controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen.
  61. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of an Isolette?
    • They are easy to operate but hard to control due to frequent opening.
    • The neonate is not readily accessible inside the plastic case.
    • If the incubator can be left closed they work well and maintain temperature without undue increases in room temperature
  62. What is a Radiant Warmer?
    Radiant (i.e. open) warmers make the neonate more accessible.
  63. What are the Advantages an Disadvatages of Radiant Warmers?
    • They are usually servo controlled to maintain the core temperature of the neonate.
    • However, the neonate is openly exposed to the environment.
    • Core temperatures of the maintained easily, but cold stress still may occur because the inability to control the environment
  64. What are the effects of Overstimulation of a newborn?
    • Sensory overload from the noise, light, and activities of the NICU provide too much stimulation to the eyes, ears, and brain of the neonate.
    • This can interfere with both the development and organization of the central nervous system
  65. What is behavioral-based care?
    • Handling only when the behavioral and physiological sign indicate.
    • Behavioral-based care seeks provide basic care during times of non-stress:
    • - In theory, this will reduce overstimulation
  66. What can cause Skin Trauma to a newborn, and what are the risks of it?
    • Because the skin is so thin, removing tape, excessive handling, and other such activities may tear the skin.
    • This causes the break down the first barrier of their defense system.
    • This leaves the premature infant much more susceptible to infection.
  67. How do we reduce the risks of Skin Trauma to a newborn?
    • Use mild soaps applied with cotton ball when cleaning.
    • Use ETT holders as opposed to taping.
    • Appropriate placement and relocation of devices like transcutaneous monitors.
    • Using elastic wraps rather than tape to hold pulse oximeter sensors in place.
    • Use of transparent IV dressings.
    • Increasing the infant's environmental humidity.
  68. What are the different electrolytes that concern us and what do they do?
    • Sodium - water balance
    • Potassium - acid-base balance and hydrogen diffusion (both are positively charged)
    • Calcium - integral for heart function and bone integrity
    • Magnesium - necessary for calcium regulation
    • Chloride - anion gap and Hamburger phenomenon
    • Phosphate - essential in energy metabolism
  69. Review Table 7-5 on slide 25.
    Do it? Eright good.
  70. What is Jaundice (Hyperbilirubanemia) and facts about it?
    • Jaundice is the yellow-orange skin color associated with abnormal levels of biliruban.
    • Most biliruban comes from the breakdown of old red blood cells.
    • It is common in neonates.
    • 25 to 50% of all term infants.
    • Higher percentage in premies.
  71. What causes an increase in biliruban (jaundice)?
    • The higher percentage of red blood cells.
    • The shorter life span of red blood cells.
    • The inability of the neonatal liver to conjugate the excess biliruban.
  72. What are compications associated with Jaundice?
    • Encephalopathy is the most serious complication associated with pathologic jaundice.
    • This is because the fat from the unconjugated biliruban crosses the blood-brain and attaches itself to the brain cells.
    • Hyperbilirubanemia, untreated can then lead to permanent brain damage and developmental delay.
  73. How do you treat Jaundice?
    • Phototherapy (mostly used), where blue light causes the biliruban to decompose into water-soluble particles with are excreted by the kidneys.
    • Phenobarbital, increases conjugation.
    • Exchange transfusion, replacing the effected RBC's.
  74. What is Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) characterized by?
    • NEC is characterized by ischemia and necrosis of the intestines.
    • Untreated it may lead to abdominal distention, perforation, sepsis, and maybe death
  75. What is Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) associated with?
    • Necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) is an idiopathic disorder associated with:
    • - Mucosal wall injury.
    • - Bacterial invasion of the damaged area.
    • - Formula feeding.
  76. What is Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
    Break down and destruction of a portion of the intestines
  77. What are Clinical signs of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
    • Blood in the stool.
    • Bile tinged vomiting.
    • Abdominal distention.
    • Pneumatosis on x-ray (abnormal presence of air)
    • General signs of sepsis.
    • Poorly tolerated feeding.
    • Lethargy.
    • Increased O2 requirements. (pressure pushes on lungs cause smaller Vt)
  78. What is the Treatment for Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
    • Prevention is the best treatment.
    • Good hand washing technique.
    • Stop feedings.
    • NG suctioning to remove bile residue.
    • Frequent abdominal x-rays.
    • Surgical intervention to repair perforated or necrotic intestines.

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 MagusB81
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Filename:
 Quiz 2 (Mike).txt
Updated:
 2012-02-28 16:17:39
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