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The flashcards below were created by user
darlene.m.nelson
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Pharmacodynamics
- th study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body
- how the drug exerts its effect in the body - what it does when it gets where it's going
- how it works at the cellular level - what are the cell activities
- drugs may enhance or depress the physiologic activity of a cell
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Agonist
- increases activity in a cell
- has a high level of affinity and efficacy to create a specific action within a cell
- drugs that occupy receptors and activate them
- agonist alone will fully activate the receptor
- agonist combined with antagonist will partially activate the receptor (slows down activation)
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Partial Agonist
lower level of affinity
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Affinity
tendency of a drug to bind with a receptor
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Receptors
- location where the drug binds to create an action
- may be on the cell membrane or in the interior of the cell (penetrate the cell membrane)
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Antagonist
- blocks an agonist from binding with a receptor
- drugs that occupy receptors, but do not activate them
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Efficacy
- degree to which the drug produces the desired effect in a given patient
- e.g. one dose vs. 3 because every body is different
- degree to which drug binds to its receptor helps determine this
- over time, body gets more efficient at getting rid of drug through the liver
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Prostoglandins
mediator of pain
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Runners
have a narcotics analog
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Pharmacoindications
different breeds may need different drugs
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Agonist binding to a receptor
- actions that may occur:
- - stimulation - eg caffeine
- - irritation - eg capsacin
- - depression - eg local anesthesia
- - cell death - eg chemotherapy
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Potency
- amount of drug required to produce desired response
- how many mg do we need to give a measurable response based on blood level in average person
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Therapeutic index
relationship between the abiliey to produce a desired effect vs a toxic effect
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ED50
- effective dose
- 50% respond
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LD50/ED50
the larger the number the safer the drug
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Adverse drug effects
- undesirable response to a drug
- causes:
- - quality of the product - impurities
- - quantity - overdose
- symptoms range from:
- - urticaria - hives
- - shock - anaphylaxis
- - photosensitivity - blister when exposed to sunlight
- expected - in package insert
- unexpected - idiosyncratic drug reaction - report to FDA
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Drug interactions
- altered pharmacologic response to a drug caused by the presence of another drug
- - may be positive or negative (can clog up liver passage)
- pharmacokinetics:
- - plasma or tissue levels altered
- - absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion
- pharmacodynamics:
- - action or effect is altered - agonist/antagonists or synergists
- pharmaceutic:
- - chemical reaction occurs due to mixing prior to administration
- - eg Amphotericin-B & Diazepam forms a precipitate
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Naming drugs
drugs have multiple names
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Chemical name
- based on molecular structure
- used in laboratory
- eg 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-aminocyclohexanone
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Code or lab name
- used in research
- for company: usually will not give any clue as to what research is about
- used in clinical trial reports
- eg CL-581
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Compendial US Pharmocopeia (standard reference for all legal drugs in US)
- standards for quality
- when goes on market
- generic name
- eg Ketamine
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Official
same as compendial
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Proprietary or trade name
- name chosen by manufacturing company
- brand name
- patented - chemical formulation
- name protected by federal trademark and copyright laws
- upper case R in a circle on label/in print
- proper noun
- eg Ketalar (company?), Ketaset (Fort Dodge), Ketaject (company?), Ketaved (Vedco)
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Generic name
- not owned by the company
- common name
- lower case in print
- eg Ketamine
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Drug labeling
- has federal component & state component
- drug labels - Center for Veterinary Medicine @ FDA
- drug name - trade & generic
- concentration (usually in mg/unit [mls or tablets]) and quantity
- name and address of manufacturer
- controlled substance status - C & I-V
- manufacturer lot #
- expiration date - some get less effective, some more, some toxic (eg tetracycline - kidney toxic)
- instructions for use and possible adverse effects
- insert - PDR, formulary (name, most common administration forms, doses), online
- responsibility of reseller (vet, pharmacy) to ensure client understands label directions, specifically tech
- responsibility of tech to check label to ensure accuracy & check bottle to make sure it is correct medicine
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National Drug Code
- federal government trying to institute to minimize counterfeiting drugs (human only @ this time)
- 10 digit number
- bar code for pharmaceuticals intended for human use
- closely related to UPC found on most products
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Development & Approval of new drugs
- agencies involved: FDA, EPA, USDA
- FDA:
- - Food & Drug Administration
- - development & approval of new animal drugs via Center for Veterinary Medicine
- - costs company $15-20 million and 7-10 years to bring new drug to market
- - this is why so few new drugs approved for animal use (small market)
- - special center that works with vets to get research to label drugs for animals or get extralabel usage
- EPA:
- - animal topical pesticides
- - controversy over flea resistance
- USDA:
- - influence food supply
- - biologicals - eg vaccine
- - FARAD - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank
- -- drug residue in the food supply
- -- investigated contaminated milk/meat
- -- may result in upping withdrawl times
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New Drug Approval Process:
- see diagram in slides
- lab in Bar Harbor that can genetically engineer a line of mice with whatever condition you want
- there are fast tracks for urgently needed drugs, eg vaccine for emerging disease
- stages of process for human drugs (animal drugs tested on animal its for):
- - preliminary trials - cell cultures in Petri dish
- - preclinical (animal) trials - species that most closely resembles process in humans
- - clinical trials - humans; if veterinary drug, usually beagles
- Green book - list of all animal drugs - www.fda.gov/cvm/greenbook/greenbook.html
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Prescribing drugs
- written prescription
- owner acquires medicine from a third party
- if they ask for a prescription to take elsewhere, vet legally must give it
- federal felony to sign a prescription pad that is not yours
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Dispensing drugs
- the actual selling of the product through your office
- local human pharmacy
- - make it very clear to pharmacy that this is for an animal
- - animal dosages are sometimes much larger than human and pharmacist may decide decimal got moved
- internet veterinary pharmacies
- cannot make client buy pharmaceuticals from your office
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