The efficacy benefits of Auditory Training are ____.
hard to assess
Auditory Training has factors that ____.
can confound the studies
Adults receiving auditory training tend to ____.
improve
Auditory training does not seem to have _____.
a lasting effect
We don't know how auditory training works on ____.
children
An expensive and a cheap version of auditory training probably have similar ____.
efficacies
Speech reading is defined as speech recognition using ____.
both auditory and visual cues
Lip reading is the process of recognizing speech using _____.
only the visual speech signal and other visual cues, such as facial expression
fMRIs confirm that visual information is used routinely by the brain for _____.
speech recognition
When presented with visual information only, the ____ becomes activated.
auditory cortex
Persons with hearing impairment rely more on ____ than persons with normal hearing.
visual cues
Persons with hearing impairment develop more acute vision. T/F?
False
On average, who does better with speech reading?
women
List some cues for speech reading:
facial expression
lip reading
grammatical and semantic context
residual hearing of speech reader
The process of speech reading includes:
listening with/without amplification
recognition of gestural cues
awareness of environmental cues
vision training
People watching tv with the sound all the way down with their hearing aids on vs. people with their hearing aids off, process speech ____ even though there is no auditory signal.
better
Lipreading is the process by which a person uses the _____ of the speaker's lips as cues.
position and movement
Most humans recognize less than ___% of the words they see (lipreading).
20
What are the five factors that affect lipreading?
Visibility of sounds
Rapidity of speech
Coarticulation and stress
Visemes and homophenes
Talker effects
___% of sounds are not visible on the mouth.
60
Lip reading: Rapidity of Speech
conversational speech uses _____ wpm.
150-250
Lip reading: Rapidity of Speech
typical talkers use ___ phonemes/second
15
Lip reading: Rapidity of Speech
The human eye can only process ____ discrete mouth movements/second
9-10
Lip reading: Coarticulation and stress
Results in the same sound looking ____ in different _____.
different
contexts
Lip reading: Coarticulation and stress
A word will look different depending on its ____.
stress
Lip reading: Visemes and homophenes
Visemes are ____.
groups of sounds that look the same on the lips (b,p,m)
Lip reading: Visemes and homophenes
There are ____ visemes than homophenes.
fewer
Lip reading: Visemes and homophenes
Homophenes are _____.
words that look the same on the mouth
The Neighborhood Activation Model (NAM) says ____.
Other lexical candidates come forward when one word is heard. Overlapping sets. Ex: Dog, puppy... or neighboring sounds - words that are the same except for one sound - can, ban...
Factors that affect the speechreading process
Speaker
Message
Environment
Speechreader
Look at Neighborhood Association Model in book!
Do it!
DB(A) and DB(C) are two measures for ____.
noise
DB(A) measures on a sound level meter closely follow ____.
the normal sound pressure level (SPL) sensitivity curve of the human ear.
When the potential hazards of noise upon hearing thresholds are discussed, it is the ____ measurements that are usually invoked.
dB(A)
The normal ear is less sensitive to ____ than to ____ frequencies.
very low frequency sounds
higher
The SLM network that responds equally to all sound frequencies regardless of their relationship to normal human ear sensitivity is the ____.
dB(C) network
When the same noise is measuredwith dB(A) and dB(C), the amount of ____ sounds determine the different readings.
low frequency
In the presence of low frequency sounds, ___ will exceed ___.
dB(C)
dB(A)
The difference between dB(A) and dB(C) is an approximate estimate of the intensity of the_____.When both readings are about the same, this indicates that the predominant energy in the noise is located above about ___ Hz.
low frequencies
600
FM (Frequency Modulation) systems utilize ____ to transmit sound from the source to the user.
radio waves
___ wireless systems are commonly used in classroom settings.
FM
When using a ____, the speaker wears a microphone that transmits to a receiver worn by the hearing impaired individual.
personal FM trainer
Personal FM trainers may be connected to the child's hearing aid by a(n) ____ or a(n) ____.
direct audio input or interface (hardwire connection from the receiver to the hearing aid)
FM boot (FM receiver attached directly to the hearing aid)
Some FM systems utilize a neckloop that transmits to the hearing aid via ___.
the hearing aid's telecoil
SNR in FM systems is considered ___.
excellent
With what wireless system can you have multiple receivers on the same transmission frequency?
FM systems
____ are similar to ____, but sound is transmitted to loudspeakers placed throughout the classroom.
Soundfield FM systems
personal FM systems
SNR is not as good with ___ as with personal FM systems.
soundfield FM system
What are the four categories of wireless systems?
FM system
Infrared system
Induction loop
Simple amplification
Infrared systems use ___ to transmit sound.
infrared light
The wireless receiver of an infrared system contains ____.
a photo diode
A photo detector diode does what?
Picks up the infrared signal and converts it back to the audio signal
Users of infrared wireless systems either wear the infrared receiver or receives the signal through ___ or through ____.
DAI
the HA telecoil switch
Common uses for infrared systems are:
TV
Movie theaters
Infrared cannot be used ___ and cannot ____.
outside
travel through walls
____ is a system that works by running a wire around the circumference of a table or room that conducts electrical energy from an amplifier and thus creates an electromagnetic field.
An induction loop system
What is an induction loop system?
A system that works by running a wire around the circumference of a table or room that conducts electrical energy from an amplifier and thus creates an electromagnetic field.
Induction loop systems are commonly used:
in religious settings
classrooms
theaters
Induction loop systems can be ___, ____ or ____.
permanent
portable
personal
____ systems amplify the audio signal so that it is more audible to the person with hearing loss.
Simple amplification
What is a simple amplification system?
systems that amplify the audio signal so that it is more audible to the person with hearing loss.
What is an example of a simple amplification system?
telephone
What are some uses of hard-wired systems? What is an advantage and disadvantage?
TV, radio, music
Adv: Favorable SNR
Disadv: tethered to sound source
What is the general anatomy of a classroom amp system?
Input device
Transmission device
Receiving device
Possibly an amplifier
Coupling device
Echoes caused by sound rebounding off surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings are called ____.
reverberation
Define reverberation.
Echoes caused by sound rebounding off surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings.
Reverberation is made worse by ____ and is reduced by ____.
high ceilings, hardwood floors, plaster
carpeted floors, heavy draperies
____ is undesirable noise that masks the auditory signal of interest.
Background noise
Define background noise.
Undesirable noise that masks the auditory signal of interest.
Noise is measured using ____.
a sound level meter (SLM)
What is SNR?
signal to noise ratio - a comparison of signal level to noise level
If ____ exceeds ____ the SNR is a positive number.
signal level
noise level
If ____ is less than ____ the SNR is a negative number.
signal level
noise level
What is sound propagation?
As sound leaves its source, it travels in ever exapanding spherical waves that strike all surfaces and fill the room.
What is direct sound?
That portion of the initial sound that occurs before the sound strikes any surface.
What is reflected sound?
After striking a surface, direct sound becomes reflected sound.
What is reverberation?
A continued series of sound reflections in a room after the sound source has quit producing sound waves
____ depends upon the nature of the surface and the amount of sound treatment.
Absorption
____ sound energy builds up and is distributed fairly equally throughout a room.
Reflected
What is the precedence effect?
The ability to focus on the direct sound waves and suppress later reflections of the same sound waves arriving from different sources in the room.
____ depends upon the relative time arrival and the spectral content of the speech signal as it arrives to two ears.
Precedence
Persons with normal hearing can integrate reflected sounds arriving within ____ into their perception
20-30 msec
Persons with hearing impairment do not have the _____ because _____.
precedence ability
all reflected sounds are perceived as direct sound
What is critical distance?
The point where the energy level of direct and reverberant sound is equal.
The more reverberant the room, the shorter the _____.
critical distance
The more reverberant the room, the higher _____.
the reverberant sound energy
The room acoustics can severely affect the original signal, especially as ___ and ___ increases.
reverberation time
distance
For optimal speech reception, the listener should be within ___.
critical distance
What is reverberation time?
The time it takes for the intensity level of the original signal to decrease by 60 dB after the cessation of the sound source.
Reverberation time is the time it takes for the intensity level of the original signal to ____ after the cessation of the sound source.
decrease by 60 dB
The shorter the ___, the more suitable the room is for speech reception.
reverberation time
___ and ____ are reciprocal qualities.
Reflection
absorption
The more absorption that occurs, the fewer ____.
reflections
The less absorption that occurs, the greater the ____.
reflections
Reverberation time differs ____.
across frequencies
How do you calculate reverberation time?
by averaging the reverb time of 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz
Normally hearing persons can tolerate reverberation times of up to ____ before degradation of speech occurs. Hearing impaired persons' speech perception begins to suffer within ___.
1.2 seconds
.3 or .4 seconds
What are the goals of auditory training?
To develop ability to recognize speech using auditory signals
To develop ability to interpret auditory experiences
In auditory training the use of ____.
RESIDUAL HEARING is MAXIMIZED
What are the principles of auditory training?
Auditory Skill Level
Stimulus units
Activity type
Difficulty level
What are the factors used when determining auditory skill level?
Sound Awareness
Sound discrimination
Identification
Comprehension
What is a stimulus unit in auditory training?
Analytic-Phonetic breaks down speech into component sounds, to learn to make finer and finer distinctions between phonemes, auditory-only
Synthetic uses complete sentences, paragraphs even. Emphasizes the understanding of meaning not necessarily each word.
Formal activity type in auditory training presents ____.
They are often ___.
They usually involve ___ and ___.
highly structured activities
one on one at the same time of the day, same place, etc.
DRILL and reinforcements
Informal activity type in auditory training usually occurs ____ and is incorporated ____.
during the daily routine
into other activities (such as a conversation or other class)
What are the difficulty level variations in auditory training?
Stimulus/response set
Stimulus Unit
Stimulus Similarity
Contextual Support
Task Structure
Listening conditions
During auditory training if the correct response rate is at___, increase the level of difficulty. If the correct response rate is consistently ___, lower the level of difficulty.
80%
50%
What is a goal?
the result toward which training is directed
the desired aim or outcome
What are objectives?
Steps toward reaching the goal
Physically measurable result
expected within a particular time period or after a particular lesson
Accomplishing ___ leads to meeting the goal.
objectives
Body aids are optimal for ____.
All degrees of hearing loss, but usually used for sever and profound losses
BTE
Hearing loss for which use is optimal?
Hearing loss for which use is appropriate but not optimal?
Physical factors that may preclude or limit use?
All degrees
N/A
Deformed outer ears
ITE
Hearing loss for which use is optimal?
Hearing loss for which use is appropriate but not optimal?
Physical factors that may preclude or limit use?
Mild through severe
Severe to profound, not recommended for profound
Shallow depression at entry of ear canal
ITC
Hearing loss for which use is optimal?
Hearing loss for which use is appropriate but not optimal?
Physical factors that may preclude or limit use?
Mild to moderate-to-severe
moderate-to-severe, not recommended for profound
narrow or malformed ear canals; history of wax buildup; reduced manual dexterity
CIC
Hearing loss for which use is optimal?
Hearing loss for which use is appropriate but not optimal?
Physical factors that may preclude or limit use?
Mild
Moderate, not recommended for severe or profound
narrow or malformed ear canals; reduced manual dexterity
Middle ear implant
Hearing loss for which use is optimal?
Hearing loss for which use is appropriate but not optimal?
Physical factors that may preclude or limit use?
Mild through severe
Profound
N/A
Label the degrees of hearing loss.
Mild: 26-40 dB HL
Mild-to-moderate: 41-55 dB HL
Moderate: 56-70 dB HL
Severe: 71-90 dB HL
Profound: 90 dB HL or greater
The four skill levels underlying most auditory training programs are:
