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duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
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enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
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-ectomy
excision, removal
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ile/o
ileum (third part of small intestine)
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jejun/o
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
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ptyal/o, sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
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-stomy
forming an opening (mouth)
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-graphy
process of recording
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-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
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-logist
specialist in study of
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-al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic
pertaining to
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dys-
bad; painful; difficult
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-osis
abnormal condition, increase (used primarily with blood cells)
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-phagia
swallowing, eating
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-scope
instrument for examining
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-scopy
visual examination
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-spasm
involuntary contraction, twitching
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-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
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hyper-
excessive, above normal
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hypo-
under, below, deficient
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pylor/o
pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach)
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BE
barium enema; below the elbow
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CA
cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
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EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
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GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
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GTT
glucose tolerance test
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IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
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IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
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IVC
intravenous cholangiogram; intravenous cholangiography
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LES
lower esophageal sphincter
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MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
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RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
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UGI
upper gastrointestinal
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UGIS
upper gastrointestinal series
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US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
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ascites
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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borborygmus
gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through intestines
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cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
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diverticular disease
condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
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dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites
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fistula
abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
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hematochezia
passage of stools containing bright red blood
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hemorrhoid
mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum; aka piles
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hernia
protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
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inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
ulceration of the colon mucosa
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crohn disease
chronic IBD that usually affects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract
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ulcerative colitis
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptms, including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology; aka spastic colon
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jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skink mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
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obesity
condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
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polyp
small, tumorlike, benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
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colonic polyposis
condition in which polyps project from the mucous membrane of the colon
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polyposis
condition in which polyps develop inn the intestinal tract
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ulcer
open sore or lesion of the skin of mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing or inflamed necrotic tissue
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volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
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barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum
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barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate, aka UGIS
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endoscopy
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
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upper GI
endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
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lower GI
endoscopy of colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum and anal canal
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stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; aka hemoccult test
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bariatric surgery
group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats
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vertical banded gastroplasty
bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that resticts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
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lithotripsy
procedure for eliminating a stone w/in the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing the stone surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it
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extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts
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nasogastric intubation
insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach
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