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Medieval Period
600 A.D. - 1850 A.D.
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Tree Burial
North American Indians
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1628, great event in history of embalming
Discovery of blood circulation
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Egypt God of Underworld and Judge of Dead
Osiris
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Egyptian walled suburb, major city where embalming was performed
Necropolis
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Ancient Egyptian death beliefs, element of body which remained with body in grave and demanded attention from living
Ka
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Most expensive method of Egyptian embalming, last of 5 steps
Bandaging and anointing
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Egyptian history, number approximates number of years required to complete journey known as "Circle of Necessity"
3,000
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People known to have skinned dead as part of body preparation procedure
North American Indians
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Seat of intellect and emotion for Egyptians
Heart
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Center of Universe to Egyptians
Sun
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How often inundation (overflowing) of Nile River occured
Once a year
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Circle of Necessity lead to
Sun and back
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Greek historian, "Father of History"
Herodotus
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"Guild of All Souls" established in
London, England
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"Father of Modern Embalming" in U.S.
Dr. Thomas Holmes
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Priest in undertaking specialists of ancient Egypt
Kher-heb
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Elements Ba, Yakhu, The Name, The Heart, The Shadow, The Ka
Egyptian culture
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Funeral functions Libitina and Libitinerius
Romans
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"Crier" in Ancient Rome
Praeco
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Cult of Dionysius
Ancient Greeks
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"Elysian Fields" death belief
Ancient Greeks
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"Cult of Osiris"
Ancient Egyptians
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Placing various organs in canopic jars and embalming by class distinction
Ancient Egyptians
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"Designatior" in ancient Rome
Master of Ceremonies
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Use of "effigy" popularized during
Middle-ages
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Middle Ages, waxed death mask
Effigy
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Great Plague of London
Middle-ages
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Great Plague of London
1664 - 1665
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Early American funerals, inviters to funerals and town undertakers
Municipal officers
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Egyptian "God of the Dead"
Osiris
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Burial Societies
Medieval Period
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First ppl to dress dead in white clothing
Christians
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Person responsible for bringing European emblaming techniques to U.S.
Harlan
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Jewish burials scheduled
During day of death before sundown
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Medieval Irish wakes known for
Light-hearted practices
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Most common form of disposition for early Scandinavians
Cremation
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NOT true of Ancient Jewish funeral
Woman always prepared dead bodies
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Period of time when Egyptians embalmed bodies
Ancient
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Burial trends during Middle-Ages greatly influenced by
Church
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"Kiss of Peace" represented major break in tradition between Christians and
Jews
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One country which made mask making very popular in replacing body during long periods body was lying in state
England
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NOT part of Roman Committal Service
Burial mass celebrated at grave site
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Focal point of Roman Funeral Procession
Torch bearer
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Greek afterlife place
Hades
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NOT have any significance in Greek Burial practices and customs
God's Little Acre
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Constantine's Sumptuary Laws
Body of mortuary laws
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First Christain ruler of Rome
Constantine
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Individual involved in most prominent in Egyptian embalming process
Priest
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Person involved in Egyptian embalming process, marked length of incision with charcoal pencil
Scribe
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NOT part of Egyptian Funeral Procession
Jesters
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Person involved in Egyptian embalming process in charge of funeral procession of influential Egyptian
Physician
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Roman "Head Undertaker"
Libitinarious
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Early Scandinavians referred to Valhalla
Land of the Dead
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Mythological concepts of Greek Afterlife, Greeks prepared body to go to
Hades
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Greeks credited as first to use
Cremation
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Discovered formaldehyde in 1868
Hofmann
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Had Gannal's book published in U.S.
Harlan
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People who dressed dead in togas
Romans
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Cremated dead with all their worldly possessions
Northern Europeans
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Usually had funeral processions during night
Romans
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Two elements Jewish people believed individual was made up of
Nefesh and Basar
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Deceased Hebrews dressed in
Best attire
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Jewish funeral customs noted for
Simplicity
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Jewish religious sect which had very strict viewpoint of religious policies and procedures
Orthodox
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Injection of cedar oil into abdomen of body was utilized in medium priced method of Egyptian embalming, causing organs in cavity to
Be dissolved
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Canopic jars which housed organs of deceased Egyptians named after four sons of
Horus
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Deity known as "God of the Underworld"
Osiris
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Necropolis
City of the Dead
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Egyptian burial receptacles which were large, massive, and rectangular in shape, describe _____ casket
Sarcophagus
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Civilization of people whose faith necessitated burial of deceased by sundown on day of death
Hebrews
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Most desirable mode of disposition for Egyptians
Entombment
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Individual designated to eviscerate and wash Egyptian remains
None of these
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Egyptian coffin which gained popularity because of influence of Osiris
Anthropoid
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NOT part of expensive Egyptian embalming method
Immersion in molten asphalt
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Individual involved in embalming Egyptian dead whose functions were embalming and wrapping of remains
Surgeon
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Individual involved in embalming Egyptian dead whose function was to anoint body with necessary oils, spices, and ointments
Apothecary Servant
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Most noted impact Egyptian coffins had on another civilization was with
Romans
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Came first
Funeral customs
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Credited with introduction of cremation
Greeks
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With introduction of coffins and early funeral goods, which were primarily pursuing undertaking profession
Craftsman
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NOT consideration in development of coffins and burial cases
Importance on preservation of deceased
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NOT consideration with introduction of metallic burial casket
Ounces per square foot
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NOT major influence in development of chemical embalming
Air tight receptacles
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Early methods of transporting body included all but
Limousine
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19th century, various chemical manufactures were influential in development of mortuary education and rising prevalence of embalming. Among services which those companies offered undertaker included all but
Merchandising techniques for use in casket room
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Associated with introduction and development of early funeral transportation
Crane & Breed
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Attitudinal change which was reflected in casket manufacturers product
More aesthetic luxury
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Credited with receiving one, if not first patent, in regards to life preserving coffins
Christian Eisenbrandt
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Waxed death mask of nobility
Effigy
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Wake during Middle-Ages
Vigil for dead
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Edwin Chadwick
Investigator of mass corruption in regards to English practices
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Ancient Egypt, priest
Kher-heb
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Dionysius recognized as
"The god of wine"
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Burial in Woolen Act took place in
1666
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Funeral functionary in ancient Rome identified as "crier"
Praeco
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"God of the underworld"
Osiris
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Ancient Rome, early death beliefe said that body and soul were composed of atoms which simply disintegrated at death
Epicurus
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Fist coffin shop/warehouses started in New York by
John L. Dillion
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Receptacles patented in early 19th century, gained no popular appeal
Also-rans
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Social development in Middle-Ages whereby bodies of noble were separated and bones were brought back to their home in chest describes
Independent bone burial
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Early American undertaking, inviters to funerals
Municipal officers
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Received one of the first patents for corpse cooler/cooling board during 19th century
Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump
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Ancient Rome, where burial and/or entombment take place
Outside walls of Rome
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Roman culture, "The Designator"
The Master of Ceremonies
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"The goddess of corpses and funerals"
Libitina
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Egyptian undertaking specialist whose job included making medicines and anointing body of deceased
Apothecary
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Known for featuring horse drawn hearse at Chicago World's Fair in 1893 that resembled church-like design and weighed 2400 pounds
Crane and Breed
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NOT considered to be influential person in development of embalming schools
Edwin Chadwick
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NOT reason why "Auto funerals" would be slow in being accepted
Auto hearses were less costly than traditional horse-drawn hearse
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Individual qualified to fulfill role as coroner in early America
Town undertakers
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In metallic burial caskets, ogee design served
- Reduced excess space that characterized most metallic burial caskets
- Reduced excess weight that characterized most metallic burial caskets
- B & C only
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Receptacles used for ex-president Grant
Style "E" State Casket
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M.H. Crane and J.R. Barnes acquired manufacturing rights from Fisk in
1853
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"Head Undertaker" in ancient Rome
Libitinarius
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Evisceration of body organs and their placement in four canopic jars
Egyptians
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Individual to receive first American patent on metallic coffin (1836)
James A. Gray
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Effect on cemeteries in regards to Great Plague of London
Cemeteries were overcrowded
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Individual criticized use of common preservatives such as arsenic in regards to embalming
Dr. Thomas Holmes
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Long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by widow during Middle-Ages; resembled beard
Barbe
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During late Middle-Ages, who began experimenting with embalming
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Recommended in Edwin Chadwick's report
- All cemeteries by municipalized
- Religious rites be simplified and standardized
- B & C only
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First to successfully adopt arterial injection as means of preservation
Dr. William Hunter
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Hunter's Canal"
John Hunter
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Discovered formaldehyde
August Hofman
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"Father of Embalming"
Dr. Frederick Ruysch
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"Father of Embalming" in U.S.
Dr. Thomas Holmes
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Discovered circulation of blood
Dr. William Harvey
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"Father of Histology"
Marcello Malpighi
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Author of "History of Embalming"
Jean Gannal
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"Father of Bacteriology"
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
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Purpose of funeral feast during Middle-Ages
Welcome heir to new estate
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Father of Modern embalming in U.S.
Dr. Thomas Holmes
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Patented process of embalming involving injection of arsenic-alcohol mixture
J. Anthony Gaussardia
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Fisk Metallic Coffin patented
1848
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Edwin Chadwick publishes his Report
1842
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