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What precipitated the mergers and consolidation that have occurred in the cable industry in recent years?
- The 1996 Telecommunications Act &
- Shifting from analog to digital technology
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What was created in 1927 to help establish some sort of regulation and order over the chaos of the largely unregulated airwaves?
- Radio Act of 1927 and
- the creation of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
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Who helped push the development of television as a mass medium yet blocked the development of FM radio for years?
David Sarnoff, head of RCA
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Who is considered the "father" of radio broadcasting?
Lee de Forest
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What are the three types of radio broadcasting?
AM, FM, and Satellite radio
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What is broadcasting?
The transmitting of messages through a wireless means to multiple locations, distributing information widely.
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Wat does long tail in the record industry mean?
- The selling a few of many types of items and being successful rather than selling many copies of just a few items.
- This concept works well for online retailers, Amazon & Netflix.
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What does payola mean?
Cash or gifts given to radio DJs by record labels in exchange for greater airplay / promoting a certain song by playing it more frequently.
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The gramophone used a flat disc to record sound rather than a cylinder that was used up to that time.
Who was its inventor?
Emile Berliner, launched by Victor Talking Machine Company
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The phonograph began as Thomas Edison patented his first "talking machine," using what?
A tinfoil cylinder
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What similarities does the recorded music industry have to other large media entertainment companies?
- Both have seen an increase in ownership consolidation
- And both have been affected by the shift to an on-demand digital media environment.
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Why is radio as vital today as ever?
- Radio is the only medium among all the mass-media types that remains easy to use while engaging in other activities, such as driving. You also don’t have to be literate to listen.
- The portability and flexibility for power, Radio is well suited for emergencies. When electrical power may be lost, radio receivers can operate for extended periods on batteries
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The basic business model in the recorded music industry can be divided into which three main parts?
Creation, Promotion, Distribution
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What was the first paperback book form?
The Dime Novel
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Who was the publisher of the first mass medium newspapers that sold for one cent?
Benjamin Day published the New York Sun
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Which newspaper has the largest circulation?
USA Today
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To counter the increasing popularity of television, the magazine industry took what major step to win advertising dollars?
They stopped general interest magazines and started specialized magazines.
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Name 3 of the world's largest media companies that own newspapers.
Cox Enterprises, Bertelsmann, News Corp.
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What is an interesting opportunity newspapers have int he digital age?
- They can use the internet to launch online news operations which will allow them to serve a wider audience.
- No more geographic, political, or cultural boundaries.
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What are the two leading newspaper chains?
McClatchy Company and Tribune Company
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What were the earlier formats of books?
Wet-clay tablets, animal skins in scroll form, Papyrus, CODEX which replaced the scroll form.
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What are the 4 main concepts of digital media?
- Multimedia
- Interactivity
- Automation
- Ethereality
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What is the reason the
Internet/World Wide Web requires a higher level of technical media literacy to use the computer than is required for a television or VCR?
One cannot go out and "buy an internet" as they can with a TV or VCR.
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What are the revenue models for digital media?
Advertising, Subscription, eCommerce
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Who developed the Simplified Communications model?
Schramm.
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What are the functions of mass communication?
- 1. Surveillance – provides information
- 2. Correlation – provides interpretation
- 3. Cultural Transmission
- 4. Entertainment
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What is the danger of the entertainment function of mass communication?
- It will encourage lowbrow entertainment at the expense of fine art, encourage escapism, and do not help raise the cultural level of society.
- And it can perpetuate certain stereotypes about various groups.
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Is the communication flow in the transmission model of communication is one-directional?
Yes
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What are two examples of cultural convergence?
- Sex and the City becoming widely popular among female office workers in Thailand.
- Mexican telenovela, or soap opera, gets high ratings among audiences in Russia.
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What two factors exist today that assures the eventual merger of television and personal computers?
- The proximity people place their computers to their televisions.
- With home Wi-Fi connections TV viewers can get online w/ their laptops or mobile devices.
- And Digital TV which enables the convergence of computing, television and telecommunications, brings the possibility of interactivity.
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Online radio stations must abide by what federal law that prohibits the advance posting of playlists?
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
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Who invented email in 1971?
Ray Tomlinson
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What are the 4 basic categories represent the foundation for critical media consumption?
- 1. Understanding variations in how much media are used.
- 2. Knowing Media Grammar
- 3. Seeing the effect of fragmentation of media channels.
- 4. Recognizing how commercial forces shape media content
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What three principal ways can we evaluate media in the digital age?
- 1. What is the brand name? Is it a brand that is well established and proven their reliability?
- 2. Examine the new or unfamiliar source’s own internal standards, organization, & personnel – by checking “About Us”
- 3. Compare the source with other trusted sources.
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What are the six theoretical approaches to ethics?
- The Golden Rule
- The Golden Mean
- The Categorical Imperative
- Utilitarianism
- The Veil of Ignorance
- Discourse Ethics
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Social Marketing operates under what theoretical principle?
Utilitarian principles
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What are the two main systems for funding media?
- Commercial marketplace – print & electronic media are run to make money.
- NonProfit system - relies on public funding, or support from government or other public institutions, corporate gifts & sponsorships, & audience contributions.
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What is media oligopoly?
- A marketplace in which media ownership & diversity is limited.
- The actions of any single media group affect its competitors, including determining the content & price of media products for both consumers & advertisers.
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What are the main elements in the original Shannon and Weaver mathematical theory?
- 1. Information source
- 2. Transmitter
- 3. Channel
- 4. Receiver
- 5. Destination
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