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What syndrome is associated with multisystemic lesions and clinical signs of renal failure due to azotemia?
Uremia
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What non-renal lesions of uremia are associated with increased vascular permeability?
- Pulmonary edema
- Fibrinous pericarditis
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What non-renal lesions of uremia are associated with ammonia secretion?
- Ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastritis
- Ulcerative and necrotic stomatitis
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What non-renal lesions of uremia are associated with endothelial and subendothelial damage?
Atrial and aortic thrombosis
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What non-renal lesions of uremia are associated with increased erythrocyte fragility and lack of erythropoietin production in the kidney?
Hypoplastic anemia
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What non-renal lesions of uremia are associated with altered Ca-P metabolism?
- Soft-tissue mineralization (stomach, lungs, pleura, kidneys)
- Fibrous osteodystrophy
- Parathyroid hyperplasia
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What prerenal factors can cause acute renal failure?
- Reduced renal blood flow
- Local obstruction of vascular supply
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What intrarenal factors can cause acute renal failure?
- Ascending disease (pyelonephritis
- Inraluminal toxic metabolites
- Ischemia
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What postrenal factors can cause acute renal failure?
Obstruction of the urinary tract
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What happens when functional capacity of the kidney is abruptly impaired (loss or 75%)?
Acute renal failure
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What are the four main pathologic alterations in acute renal failure?
- Decreased ultrafiltration
- intratubular obstruction
- Fluid back leak
- Inrarenal vasoconstriction
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What two things can cause acute tubular necrosis?
- Neophrotoxic damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells
- Ischemia
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How much cardiac output goes to the kidney?
20-25%
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What are some possible etiologies behind granulomatous nephritis?
- Feline coronavirus
- Mycobacterium sp.
- Aspergillus sp., Phycomycetes sp., Histoplasma capsulatum
- Prototheca sp.
- Ehrlichia canis
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- Toxocara canis
- Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)
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How do lesions of granulomatous nephritis appear?
Small, gray-white, single to multifocal granulomatous foci
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What are two common causes of granulomatous nephritis in cats?
- FIP (dry form)
- Inherited hyperlipidemia
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What are two common causes of granulomatous nephritis in dogs?
- Puppies with Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- Renal xanthogranulomatous
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What is inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma?
Pyelonephritis
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How does pyelonephritis usually originate?
Is usually an extension of a bacterial infection affecting the lower urinary tract
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Where in the kidney does an infection causing pyelonephritis usually establish?
Pelvis and inner medulla
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Abnormal metabolism of uric acid can cause calculus formation in what breed of dog?
Dalmatian
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Abnormally high levels of what substances in the diet can cause calculus formation?
- Silicate in pastures
- Phosphate in milo
- Estrogens in subterranean clover
- Magnesium in commercial dry cat food
- Oxalate in plants
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Low levels of what vitamin may cause calculus formation?
Vitamin A
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What factors are important in calculus formation?
- Urinary pH
- Reduced water intake
- Bacterial infection
- Obstruction
- Structural abnormalities of the lower urinary tract
- Foreign bodies
- Drugs
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What are some consequences of urolithiasis?
- Predisposition to pyelitis, pyelonephritis
- Urinary obstruction
- Traumatic injury
- Small calculi
- Dysuria
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What are some ways that the urinary bladder can resist infection?
- Normal flow
- pH of urine
- Urine osmolality
- Immunoglobulins
- Frequent sloughing of urothelial epithelium
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What are some common bacteria infections that cause cystitis?
- All species - E. coli
- Cattle - Corynebacterium renale
- Pigs - Eubacterium suis
- Horses - Klebsiella sp.
- Several animals - Proteus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.
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What syndrome of mature cattle characterized by persistent hematuria and anemia and is associated with hemorrhages and neoplasms in the lower urinary tract (bladder)?
Enzootic hematuria
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Enzootic hematuria is often linked to ingestion of what plant?
Bracken fern
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In what species are renal adenomas most common?
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What tumor arises from the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Renal adenoma
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What is the most common primary renal tumor of dogs, cattle, and sheep?
Renal carcinoma
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What tumor forms spherical or ovoid masses, usually located in one pole of the kidney?
Renal carcinoma
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What is the most common primary renal tumor in cats that is presented as white nodules that confluent eventually?
Lymphosarcoma
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What is the most common primary renal tumor of pigs and chickens (50% metastasize to the lungs)?
Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor)
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In what animals is neoplasia of the urinary bladder usually reported in?
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What tumor of the urinary bladder originates from areas of mucous metaplasia of the urothelium and they form glandular structures containing mucin?
Adenomas
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Wha tumor of the urinary bladder may be papillary, polypoid, or sessile, and is common in the neck or trigone?
Transitional cell carcinoma
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What tumor occurs in the urinary bladder and less commonly in the urethra of young dogs <18 months and usually has grape-like (botyroid) appearance?
Botyroid rhabdomyosarcoma
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