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Development
the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
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Zygote
a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
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Prenatal Period
- from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
- Three phases- germinal, embryonic, and the fetal stage
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Germinal Stage
- first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
- placenta begins to form
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Placenta
a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
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Embryonic Stage
- second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
- great vulnerability because it is the time when basic physiological structures, vital organs, and bodily sytems begin to form
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Fetal Stage
- third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth
- first two months of this stage involve rapid bodily growth
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Age of Viability
- the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
- around 22-26 weeks old
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Environmental Factors affecting Prenatal Development
- Maternal Malnutrition
- Maternal Drug Use
- Maturnal Illness
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- a collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
- ex- heart defects, irritability, hyperacivity, microcephaly (small head), and delayed mental and motor development
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Motor Development
the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
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Cephalocaudal Trend
the head-to-fooot direction of motor development
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Proximodistal Trend
the center-outward direction of motor development
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Maturation
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
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Developmental Norms
indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
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Temperament
- characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
- inhibited temperament- more shy and wary of the unfamiliar
- uninhibited temperament- less restrained and more approaching of the unfamiliar
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Longitudinal Design
investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time
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Cross-sectional design
investigators compare groups of partipants of differing age at a single point in time
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Attachment
the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
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Seperation Anxiety
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are seperated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
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Harry Harlow
- his experiment on attachment showed that when presented with a frightening stimulus, the monkeys clung to the cloth surrogate mother even if they had not been fed by it
- his work undermined the behaviorists reinforcement (food) explanation of attachment
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John Bowly
- argued that there must be a biological basis for attachment
- infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers affectionate and protective responses from adults
- adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to be captivated by the behavior and respond with warmth, love and protection
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Mary Ainsworth
- found that infant-mother attachment vary in quality
- Three categories- secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment
- maternal behaviors seem to have considerable influence over the type of attachment that forms between infant and mother
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Secure Attachment
infants play comfortably in mothers presence, become visibly upset when she leaves, and quickly calmed by her return
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Anxious-ambivalent Attachment (resistant attachment)
anxious even when mother is present, protest excessively when she leaves, and not particularly comforted when she returns
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Avoidant Attachment
infant seeks little contact with mother and are not distressed when she leaves
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Disorganized-disoriented Attachment
are confused as to whether they should approach or avoid their mother, and are especially insecure
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Stage
developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established
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Stage Theories
- assume that:
- individuals must progress through specific stages in order, because stages build off previous stage
- progress through stages is related to age
- development marked by dramatic transitions in behavior
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Erik Erikson's theory of personality development
- Eight stages:
- 1) Trust vs Mistrust: depends on if the infants needs are met
- 2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: infant begins to take some responsibility and if constantly confronted by parents then develop the latter
- 3) Initiative vs Guilt: overcontrolling parents will cause child to feel guilty with low self esteem, need to give room while teaching them to rspect the rules
- 4)
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