Psychology Chapters 11 and 7

the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

• from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
• Three phases- germinal, embryonic, and the fetal stage

• first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
• placenta begins to form

a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

• second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
• great vulnerability because it is the time when basic physiological structures, vital organs, and bodily sytems begin to form

• third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth
• first two months of this stage involve rapid bodily growth

• the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
• around 22-26 weeks old

• Maternal Malnutrition
• Maternal Drug Use
• Maturnal Illness

• a collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
• ex- heart defects, irritability, hyperacivity, microcephaly (small head), and delayed mental and motor development

the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

the head-to-fooot direction of motor development

the center-outward direction of motor development

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint

indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

• characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
• inhibited temperament- more shy and wary of the unfamiliar
• uninhibited temperament- less restrained and more approaching of the unfamiliar

investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time

investigators compare groups of partipants of differing age at a single point in time

the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are seperated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

• his experiment on attachment showed that when presented with a frightening stimulus, the monkeys clung to the cloth surrogate mother even if they had not been fed by it
• his work undermined the behaviorists reinforcement (food) explanation of attachment

• argued that there must be a biological basis for attachment
• infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers affectionate and protective responses from adults
• adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to be captivated by the behavior and respond with warmth, love and protection

• found that infant-mother attachment vary in quality
• Three categories- secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment
• maternal behaviors seem to have considerable influence over the type of attachment that forms between infant and mother

infants play comfortably in mothers presence, become visibly upset when she leaves, and quickly calmed by her return

anxious even when mother is present, protest excessively when she leaves, and not particularly comforted when she returns

infant seeks little contact with mother and are not distressed when she leaves

are confused as to whether they should approach or avoid their mother, and are especially insecure

developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established

• assume that:
• individuals must progress through specific stages in order, because stages build off previous stage
• progress through stages is related to age
• development marked by dramatic transitions in behavior

• Eight stages:
• 1) Trust vs Mistrust: depends on if the infants needs are met
• 2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: infant begins to take some responsibility and if constantly confronted by parents then develop the latter
• 3) Initiative vs Guilt: overcontrolling parents will cause child to feel guilty with low self esteem, need to give room while teaching them to rspect the rules
• 4)