Exam #2 Ch. 13.txt

• Regulatory
• Chemical Signals
• Negative Feedback

• Rapid Communication
• Short-lived response

• Slow Communication
• Longer Response

circulating chemical messenger molecules secreted by an endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream that has effects on specific target cells throughout the body.

• Target cell increases uptake of a substance
• Change in cell structure occurs
• Increase or decrease in metabolism

• Protein based
• Binds to cell surface receptor
• Triggers release of pre-made enzyme inside cell
• Second messenger has cellular effect

• Cholesterol based
• Produced by ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands
• Binds to receptors inside the cell
• New proteins need to be made
• Slower to act than peptide hormone
• Longer action than peptide Hormone

• Hypothalamus secretes hormones which make other endocrine glands secrete hormones
• �Boss telling managers to tell the workers to do work�

• Hands down from the hypothalamus
• Master of all the glands in the endocrine system
• Anterior and Posterior lobe

• To the right
• Neurosecretory
• Releases 2 Hormones: Antidiuretic hormone and Oxytocin

• Negative feedback
• 1.High level of salt in blood
• 2.Hypothalamus
• 3.Posterior Pituitary
• 4ADH released into bloodstream
• 5.Kidney conserve water
• 6.Blood becomes dilute
• Targets Kidneys
• Reduces amount of water lost in urine

• Positive Feedback
• Targets Uterus and Mammary glands
• Induces uterine contractions
• Induces ejection of milk from mammary glands

• Neuron in hypothalamus produces hormone
• Travels down axon into posterior pituitary
• Hormone secreted from axon terminal
• Hormone enters blood around pituitary
• Hormone travels in blood to target

• To the left
• Hypothalamic � Pituitary Portal System
• Releases 6 Hormones (FLAT PIG)

• Blood travels from hypothalamus to anteroir pituitary
• Makes and secretes its own hormones
• Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones stimulate release from pituitary

• FSH � Follicle-stimulating hormone
• LH � Luteinizing hormone
• ACTH � Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
• TSH � Thyroid-stimulating hormone
• PRL � Prolactin
• GH � Growth hormone

• Targets ovaries and testes
• Primary actions:
• In females, stimulates egg maturation and and the secretion of estrogen.
• In males, stimulates the formation of sperm

• Targets ovaries and testes
• Primary actions:
• In females, stimulates ovulation (egg release) and the secretion of progesterone
• In males, testosterone secretion

• Targets Adrenal Cortex
• Primary Actions:
• Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

• T3 and T4 are two thyroid hormones
• Body recognizes T3 and T4 moving around and shows negative feedback
• And then body won't release any more TRH
• Targets Thyroid glands
• Primary actions:
• Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

• Problem with the Iodine (not enough)
• Not enough iodine means body kicks out more TRH
• Iodine in the salt prevents goiters (bulge in the necks)

• Too much Iodine
• Also causes goiters
• Symptoms:
• See whites of eyes all the way around
• Bulging eyes
• heat intolerance
• heart rate up
• easy to lose weight

• Thyroid gland makes calcitonin
• Calcitonin sends calcium
• into the bones to be deposited in bones and prevents bone break down so blood calcium levels remain normal
• 1. If calcium level rises above set point
• 2. Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
• 3. Blood calcium level falls
• 4. Homeostasis

• In response to low calcium level, parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone
• Parathyroid hormone helps blood calcium rise
• Bones release calcium from bone through osteoclasts
• Osteoclasts activity increases
• If high: stimulates thyroid
• If low: stimulates parathyroids
• No hypothalamus and no pituitary involved.

• In response to high calcium, thyroid gland releases calcitonin, stimulating calcium deposition in bones and reduces calcium uptake in kidneys
• Stimulates calcium release from bones
• Increase calcium re-absorption in kidneys
• Increase calcium absorption in intestines
• (Due to kidneys converting vitamin D to activated vitamin D)

• Targets mammary glands
• Primary Actions:
• Stimulates the development of mammary gland cells and production of milk

• Regulates how fast amino acids are entering.
• Amino acids together are making protein, making more muscle
• Builds muscle, but does not make muscle strength
• Helps metabolize/break fat
• Targets most cells
• Primary actions:
• Stimulates growth in young individuals;
• Plays multiple roles in cell division, protein synthesis, and metabolism in adults.

• Not enough growth Hormone
• Not hereditary
• Perfectly proportional, just small

• Long bone growth
• Too much growth hormone
• Epiphyseal plate growing

• Broad bones
• Cant get long bone growth so other dimensions of the bones grow
• Can't get long bone growth because epiphyseal plates are fused

Inside/center

Outside/outer

• Preganglionic SNS fiber stimulates adrenal medulla cells
• CSN to pregaglionic SNS fiber to medulla of adrenal gland to capillary
• To secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

• Outer part: 3 layers
• Outer layer produces hormones called Mineralocorticoids
• Next layer down has Glucorticoids
• Lowest layer has Adrenogens

�salt� based hormones

�sugar� based hormones

�sex� hormones

• Low blood volume
• Low blood pressure
• Body recognizes low blood volume and low blood pressure
• adrenal gland kick out aldosterone,
• kidneys reabsorbs sodium
• leading to decreases in water in urine, increases in blood volume and increases in blood pressure.

• Adrenal cortex kicks out cortisol
• Decreases muscle mass/breaks down hormone
• Stress hormone
• Blood sugar going up
• Suppresses immune system

• Hyposecretion of Cortisol (not enough of)
• Hyperpigmentation due to hypersecretion of ACTH

• Stores a lot of fat
• Hypersecretion of Cortisol (too much of)
• Muscle depletion/weakness
• Fat stored: buffalo hump, moon, facies, truncal obesity
• Thin skin/striae

• Pancrease behind the stomach
• Insulin
• Glucagon

• Beta Cells � Secrete insulin when blood glucose levels go above normal
• Sends glucose into cells
• High blood glucose ? pancreas ? Insulin released by Beta cels of pancrease ? Fat cells take in glucose from blood ? achieve normal blood glucose levels

• Alpha cells � Secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels become low
• Attach to liver and fat
• Low blood glucose ? pancreas ? Glucagon release by alpha cell of pancreas ? liver releases glucose into blood ? achieve normal blood glucose levels

• Signs:
• Frequent urination*
• Crave extra liquids*
• Always hungry*
• Always tired
• Numbness and tingling of feet
• Unexplained weight loss
• Blurred vision
• Sexual Dysfunction.