-
how the drug physiologically and/or biochemically effects the body is known as ...
Pharmacodynamics
-
how the drug is disposed or cleared by the body is known as ...
Pharmacokinetics
-
PD or PK?
... leads us to choose drugs that produce the desired main effects and avoid the most negative side effects for the patients.
PD
-
PD or PK?
... leads us to conside the processing of the dose andhow patient can rid itself of the drug and return to the resting state. This may be desired or wanted to be delayed.
PK
-
The nervous system is primarily under control of the ...
hypothalamus (mostly) and the pituitary (partly)
-
3 functions of the nervous system. list in consecutive order.
- 1- sensory
- 2- integrative
- 3- motor
-
what is the importance of the nervous system? (4)
- 1- it is the primary communication and control center
- 2- functions in concert with endocrine system
- 3- allows adaptation to the environment
- 4- maintains homeostasis
-
In the nervous system, messages or impulses are propagated via ...
nerve fibers
-
... is an electronically excitable cell.
neuron
-
what signal type(s) does a neuron use to propagate a signal?
electrical AND chemical signals
-
... are specialized connections from one neuron to others.
synapses
-
Which part of the neuron initially carries impulses toward the nerve cell?
dendrites
-
which part of the neruon carries the impulse away from the nerve cell?
axons
-
a nerve fiber that has a membrane that is positive charge on the outside and a negative inside charge is known as a ...
polarized or "resting" fiber
-
The reduction of a membranes resting potential so that it becomes less negative is known as ...
depolarization
-
state at which the membrane charges return to their original states is known as ...
repolarization
-
a neurons axon will terminate at a large number of ...
axon terminals or TELODENDRA
-
Which part of a Telodendra will pass to nerve impulse to its adjacent structure?
synaptic end bulbs
-
nerve impulses allow neurotransmitters to emit into ...
synapses
-
The adrenal gland produces the neurotransmitter ...
epinephrine
-
british name for epinephrine is ...
adrenaline
-
Structures of the Nervous system (4)
- 1- brain
- 2- spinal cord
- 3- peripheral ganglia
- 4- nerve fibers
-
ions move through ... Channels
Voltage gated channels
-
The ... Is responsible for repolarizing the cell membrane
Na-K-ATP pump
-
-
Name 5 neurotransmitters
- 1- acetylcholine
- 2- norepinephrine
- 3- dopamine
- 4- serotonin
- 5- GABA
-
when pre-synaptic axon recollect neurotransmitter for the next signal
synaptic reuptake
-
the nervous system dividend that includes the brain and spinal cord
CNS
-
the nervous system divident that includes the bran and spinal cord
PNS
-
... connects the CNS with endocrine glands, muscles through neurtoransmitters and receptors
The PNS
-
Nerve cells that carry impulses from receptors in the periphery to the CNS
afferent nerve cells
-
Nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to the receptors on muscles and glands
Efferent nerve cells
-
Voluntary or skeletal muscle control is controlled by the ... system
somatic nervous system
-
The ... system carries impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
Somatic Nervous System
-
involuntary and unconscious muscle control is controlled by the ... system
autonomic nervous system
-
... carries impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
autonomic nervous system
-
part of autonomic NS that is associated with "rest and digest"
parasympathetic system
-
part of autonomic system associated with "fight or flight"
sympathetic system
-
The parasympathetic system uses ... receptors
cholinergic
-
They sympathetic system uses ... receptors
adrenergic
-
drugs that block Acetylcholine receptors are ...
anticholinergic
-
anticholinergics are also known as ...
parasympatholytic
-
stimulation causes activation of cholinergic effects. This is also known as
parasympathomimetic
-
neurotransmitter Acetylcholine stimulates Acetylcholine receptors, which inturn stimulate which receptors? (2)
- 1- Nicotinic receptors
- 2- Muscarinic receptors
-
The neurotransmitter ... works on both Alpha receptors
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
-
which enzyme on acetylcholine triggers its degradation into choline and acetyl coenzyme A, thus terminating its effect.
acetylcholinesterase
-
receptors which can be classified as a subtype of adrenergic receptor, their activation triggers a complex range of autonomic responses.
Alpha receptors
-
condition of having dilated pupils
mydriasis
-
two subtypes of Alpha-1 receptors
- 1- Alpha-1 Agonists
- 2- Alpha-2 Blockers
-
Which Alpha receptor is not intentionally used in Veterinary Medicine?
Alpha-1 Agonists
-
Alpha receptor for vasocontriction
Alpha-1 agonists
-
Alpha receptor for vasodilation
Alpha-1 blockers
-
drug used for vasodilation
acepromazine
-
Alpha receptor for sedation and analgesia
Alpha-2 agonists
-
Two types of Alpha-2 subtype receptors
- 1- Alpha-2 agonists
- 2- Alpha-2 antagonists
-
Name two drugs that we use as a Alpha-2 antagonists
- 1- yohimbine
- 2- atipamazole
-
which neurotransmitter works on both alpha receptors
epinephrine and norepinephrine
-
G-protein couples receptors
Beta receptors
-
which receptor activates a Gs proteins
beta receptors
-
increased ... activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates cellular proteins.
cAMP or Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
-
drug used for sedation and analgesia
dexmeditomidine
-
increased activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates cellular proteins.
cAMP or Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
-
important receptors for signal transduction
Beta-1 receptor
-
receptors found [to increase functionality] in the heart and renal juxtaglomerular cells
Beta-1 receptors
-
receptors found in [to relax] bronchial smooth muscle and uterine muscle
Beta-2 receptors
-
Name 3 Beta-2 receptor inhalant drugs
- 1- Albuterol
- 2- Levoalbuterol
- 3- Terbutaline (orally)
-
contracts uterine muscles and early labor
Terbutaline (orally)
-
cholinergic agents are also known as ...
parasympathomimetic
-
promotes gastric emptying and thus controlling vomit
metoclopramide
-
used to diagnose myasthenia gravis or reverse neuromuscular blockade
Edrophonium
-
reverse neuromuscular blockade or treat urinary retention
neostigmine
-
used to treat myasthenia gravis but may cause heart block, bradycardia, hypotension, and increase respiratory secretions.
pyridostygmine
-
agent that treats sinus bradycardia (heart block)
Anticholinergic
-
an anticholinergic agent used in the ER/premed? (2)
- 1- Atropine
- 2- Glycopyrrolate
-
older anticholinergic used for motion sickness
Scopalamine
-
antidote for organophosphate intoxication
Pralidoxime
-
Adrenergic agents are also called ...
Catecholamines
-
an agent that can be used to stimulate the heart
Catecholamines
-
agent used for treating congestive heart failure
catecholamines
-
Adrenergic Agents (9)
- 1- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- 2- Isoproterenol
- 3- Phenylephrine
- 4- Dopamine
- 5- Phenylpropanolamine
- 6- Dobutamine
- 7- Ephedrine
- 8- Terbutaline
- 9- Albuterol/levoalbuterol
-
name a nasal vasoconstrictor and treatment for a hypotension
Phenylephrine
-
Precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Dopamine
-
agent in which an overdose may cause shock, heart failure, and increase remal perfusion
Dopamine
-
agent that may treat urinary incontinence in female dogs
Phenylpropanolamine
-
short term treatment of hypotension, heart failure
Dobutamine
-
agent used to treat short term treatment of hypotension and heart failure
Dobutamine
-
Three agents used as a bronchodilator
- 1- Ephedrine
- 2- Terbutaline
- 3- Albuterol/Levoalbuterol
-
Which receptors effect the strength of the heart contraction by increasing AV Node conduction velocity and renin release by the renal juxtaglomerular cells?
Beta-1 Receptors exist for which organs and have what effect?
-
Which receptors cause the bronchial smooth muscle to dialate and the Uterine muscles to relax?
Beta-2 receptors exist for which organs and have what effect?
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