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A Capella
Coral music without instrumental accompainment
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Counter Tenor
High Male Voice
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Drone
Sustained pitch for harmonic support
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Modes
Scale patterns with unique order of tones and semitones
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Neumes
earliest form of notation from directional to shapes
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Monophonic Texture
One line of melody - no harmony
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Polyphonic Texture
Two or more melodic lines
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Liber Usualis
Usual book for Mass - Abbey of Solesmes
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Musica Enchiradis
Earliest book of Polyphony - featuring parallel organum
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Hildegard Von Bingen
Religious leader in Rupertsberg, Germany. 1098AD Wrote music and poetry. Advised leaders. Wrote Ordo Virtutum (Play of Virtues)
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant - 500AD
Genre
Gregorian Chant or Plain Chant
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Composer
Anonymous
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Mass Component
Gradual from Proper Easter Sunday Mass
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Text
Psalms 118: 1/24 Old Testement
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Language
Latin - Joyful message of Easter
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Performers
- Soloist and Unison Choir - responsorial singing
- Solo: "Haec Dies" - Chorus: "quam fecit"
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Texture
- Monophonic
- 3rd interval is the widest on "eius"
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Syllabic Text Setting
1 note per syllable
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Neumatic Text Setting
2 - 4 notes per syllable
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Melismatic Text Setting
many notes per syllable
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Mode
Dorian
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Haec Dies - Gregorian Chant
Text Setting
Melismatic on "Haec" "Dominus" "Exsultenus"
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Notre Dame School
- Leonin - 12th century - composer of polyphony as 2 part organum
- Perotin - 13th century - composer of 3 & 4 part organum and substitute clausulae
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Ars Nova Definition
Author
- "New Art" - notation of rhythm
- Phillipe de Vitry
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Messe de Nostre Dame
- Mass of our Lady by Guillaumede Machaut
- 4 voices - earliest polyphony Mass
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Chansonnier du roy
- "Songbook of the King"
- earliest example of dance music
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Bas
Instruments
- Indoor
- Dulcimer(struck box), Lute(guitar), Psaltery(plucked box), rebec(violin), recorder, vielle (violin)
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Haut
Instruments
- Outdoor
- Cornetto(trumpet), crumhorn(J-shaped oboe), sackbut(trombone), shawm(oboe)
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Middle Ages - Keyboards
- Portative(organ w/pipes & bellows)
- Positive(small & portable 1 keyboard w/pipes)
- Regal(reeds instead of pipes/like accordian)
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Middle Ages - Percussion
- Nakers(pair)
- Tabor(Bass Drum)
- Tamborine(wooden frame w/metal disks)
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Middle Ages History 476 - 1450AD
- Roman Catholic Church in power -1000 years
- music is sacred
- knighthood and devotion to Virgin Mary raised the status os women
- Crusades to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims(lasted 200yrs)
- Fall of Roman Empire - Dark Ages (plagues & war)
- Contact w/Islamic culture expanded knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and medicin
- Gregorian Chant from Pope Gregory Iin 600AD - organized chants for Mass - evolved from Hebrew chanting
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Middle Ages Musical Style
Texture
Evolution from Monophony to Polyphony
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Middle Ages Musical Style
Notation
Development of notation from recording chant melodies to representing both pitches and rhythmic values
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Middle Ages Musical Style
Melodic Range
Began with very narrow steps and as the writing evolved the melodic range increased
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Middle Ages Musical Style
Rhythm
Unmeasured rhythm and plainchant evolved to polyphony with the development of notation
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Composer
Anonymous (style of Leonin)
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Date
1175AD (12th century)
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Source of Text
Old Testement (Psalms)
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Language
Latin
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Performers
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Texture
- Polyphonic - 2 voices
- cantus firmus - foundation is lower voice
- Upper voice - newly composed & more rhymically active
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Harmonic Intervals
Perfect 4ths, 5ths and octaves
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Discant Style
Original chant has faster rhythmic values
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Organal Style
Upper voice has faster note values
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Organum
- original polyphony
- new melodic lines add to existing Gregorian chant
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Clausulae
- defined section within discant-style organum
- highly melismatic
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Organal Style Verse
"Haec Dies"
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Haec Dies - Organum- Notre Dame Style
Discant Style Verse
"Domino quonium"
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Haec Dies - Organum - Notre Dame Style
Clausulae Style Verse
"Domino" and Quonium"
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O Mitissima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Date
13th Century
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O Mitissima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Genre
Polytextual Motet
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O Mitissima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Composer
Anonymous
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O Mitissima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Text
poems in praise of Virgin Mary and Haec Dies
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O Mitissima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Language
Latin
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O Mittisima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Texture
- Polyphonic - 3 voices
- Top Voice - Triplum - "O Sweetest Virgin Mary"
- Middle Voice - Duplum - "Virgin of Virgins"
- Bottom Voice-Cantus Firmus (melismatic)-"This is the Day"
- Top & Middle Voice in Same Range - syllabic & neumatic
- Triple metre effect - Holy trinity
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O Mittisima/Virgo/Haec Dies
Harmonic Intervals
Perfect 4ths, 5ths, and octaves
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Ce Fut En Mai
Date
Mid 13th century
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Ce Fut En Mai
Genre
Monophonic Chanson
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Ce Fut En Mai
Composer
Moniot d'Arras - Trouvere from Northern France
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Ce Fut En Mai
Text Source
Secular Poem about the narrator watching a Knight court a Lady. When they approach the narrator to ask why he is watching them, the narrator explains that he has lost his lady and the Knight and Lady say they will pray for him.
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Ce Fut En Mai
Language
Old French w/solo singer
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Ce Fut En Mai
Texture
Monophonic
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Ce Fut en Mai
Structure
- Strophic (same music repeated w/every stanza of poem)
- 5 verses w/12 short lines in each verse
- No relationship between sad text and happy music
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Date
Mid 14th Century
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Genre
Polyphonic chanson
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Composer
Guillaume De Machaut
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Text Source
Secular poem by Machaut (Rondeau-4verse w/refrain)
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Language
Old French
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Translation
Since I Am Forgotten By You
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Texture
Polyphonic w/syncopation
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Voices
- 3 male voices - triple meter (top voice has more rhythm)
- Syllabic and Neumatic text setting
- 2 lower voices share same range
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Puis Qu'en Oubli
Story
Poet complains to person he loves, but they have rejected him. He complains that he will never find love again.
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Date
Late 13th Century
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Genre
Dance Music
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Composer
Anonymous
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Texture
- Monophonic w/some heterophony(2 or more instruments elaborate same melody simultaneously)
- Narrow melodic range
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Structure
sectional w/open and closed endings
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Performers
- variable instruments
- Shawn, Tamborine, Pipe, Vielle
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Royal Estampie no. 4
Translation
Stamp Your Foot
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