Pharm Exam 2 part 2.txt

It was subsequently found that individuals metabolize theophylline at differing rates, which makes it difficult to determine

is 100% theophylline

Dyphylline is not a theophylline but a?

Because individuals vary in the rate at which theophylline is metabolized, dosage must be titrated to clinical

Theophylline effectiveness to a therapeutic serum level is what for COPD and what for asthma management?

GOLD recommendations for the use of theophylline in COPD suggest a target serum level of

Because of the variability in the rate at which individuals metabolize theophylline and the other factors that affect theophylline metabolism and clearance rates, dosage schedules are used to titrate the drug. These schedules are found in the product literature, references such as

Dosage of theophylline can be guided by the clinical reaction of the patient or, better, by measurement of

Complete tables for different ages and clinical applications should be consulted when administering

Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin, and side effects such as gastric upset, headache, insomnia, nervousness, palpitations, and diuresis occur frequently, even within the

An important problem with the use of theophylline is its narrow therapeutic margin; there is very little difference between the dose and serum level that give therapeutic benefit and that cause

Reactions to levels of theophylline also can be unpredictable from

can cause elevated serum levels of theophylline for a given dose because of decreased liver metabolism of the drug

An opposite effect�decreased serum levels�is caused by cigarette smoking, which stimulates the production of liver enzymes that inactivate

� agonists and theophylline have an additive effect and are often combined when treating patients with

Theophylline may antagonize the sedative effect of benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium). Theophylline can also reverse the paralyzing effect of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (pancuronium and atracurium) in a dose-dependent manner. This is important to realize when

Theophylline has been relegated to the level of a second-line or third-line drug in treating

Theophylline is considered only if � agonists and antiinflammatory therapy fail to

In COPD, the nonbronchodilating effects of theophylline, such as ventilatory drive stimulation, and enhanced respiratory muscle function are of value, although use of theophylline in COPD is

Theophylline and its salt, aminophylline, are listed as bronchoactive agents for managing an acute exacerbation of COPD in the GOLD guidelines; however, use of other

COPD guidelines suggest the use of inhaled � agonists (e.g., albuterol) and anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium) over the use of theophylline because of its

Although theophylline is classified as a bronchodilator, it has a relatively weak

The efficacy of theophylline in obstructive lung disease may be due to its nonbronchodilating effects on

Substance that reduces adhesion.

Rheologic property characteristic of solids; it is represented by the storage modulus G'.

Medication meant to increase the volume or hydration of airway secretions.

Macromolecular description of pseudoplastic material having both viscosity and elasticity.

Protein with attached oligosaccharide units.

The principal constituent of mucus and a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein, it gives mucus its physical/chemical properties such as viscoelasticity.

Term connoting any medication or drug that has an effect on mucus secretion; may include mucolytic, expectorant, mucospissic, mucoregulatory, or mucokinetic agents.

Medication that increases cough or ciliary clearance of respiratory secretions.

Medication that degrades polymers in secretions. Classic mucolytics have free thiol groups to degrade mucin, and peptide mucolytics break pathologic filaments of neutrophil-derived DNA or actin in sputum.

Drug that reduces the volume of airway mucus secretion and appears to be especially effective in hypersecretory states, such as bronchorrhea, diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), CF, and some forms of asthma.

Medication that increases viscosity of secretions and may be effective in the therapy of bronchorrhea.

Secretion, from surface goblet cells and submucosal glands, composed of water, proteins, and glycosylated mucins. The glycoprotein portion of the secretion is termed mucin. Mucus (noun) is the secretion; mucous (adjective) is the cell or gland type.

Sugar that is the individual carbohydrate unit of glycoproteins.

Purulent material in the airways. From the Greek word for inflammation. When expectorated, phlegm is called sputum.

Study of the deformation and flow of matter.

Macromolecular description of the respiratory secretion in true solution, with the physical property of viscosity (usually referred to as the periciliary layer).

Expectorated phlegm that contains respiratory tract, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal secretions and bacteria and products of inflammation including polymeric DNA and actin.

Resistance of liquid to sheer forces. A rheologic property characteristic of liquids and represented by the loss modulus G'.

Mucoactive therapy should be considered after therapy to decrease

is a major defense mechanism of the lung. Failure of this system results in mechanical obstruction of the airway, often with thickened, adhesive secretions.

is found in several areas of the body, including the airways, gastrointestinal tract, and genital tract.

Historically in respiratory care, drug therapy for secretions has been aimed at liquefying thick mucus to a watery state called

lubricates, waterproofs, and it protects against osmotic or inflammatory changes. It can entrap microorganisms, inhibiting chronic bacterial infection and biofilm formation.

The general indication for mucoactive therapy is to

Diseases in which mucoactive therapy is indicated are those with hypersecretion or poor clearance of airway secretions, including

The use of mucoactive therapy to promote secretion clearance should be considered after therapy to decrease infection and inflammation and after minimizing or removing irritants to the airway, including

The source and properties of airway secretions and the mechanisms of action for the mucoactive agents are the basis for

The secretion lining the surface of the airway is called mucus and has been described as having two phases:

Although there are many cell types in the mammalian airway, the essential secretory structures of the mucociliary system are the following:

The surface of the trachea and bronchi includes primarily ciliated cells and goblet cells, at a ratio of approximately

There are more than _______ goblet cells per square millimeter of normal airway mucosa

Submucosal glands below the epithelial surface are thought to provide much of the airway surface

two types of cells that are found in the glands?

Secretions from the serous and mucous cells mix in the submucosal gland and are transported through a ciliated duct onto the

The airway secretion consists of a mucous layer, where mucin glycoprotein is located, and a

Mucociliary transport results from the movement of the mucus gel by

A ciliary beat is composed of two kinds of strokes:

the cilium moves in an upright position through a full forward arc, to contact the underside of the mucus layer and propel it forward.

the cilium swings back around to the starting point near the cell surface, to avoid pulling secretions back

lies at the tips of the cilia and separates the periciliary fluid from the mucus gel. This layer allows the cilia to transmit kinetic energy effectively to the mucus without becoming entangled. This layer also facilitates mucus spreading as a continuous layer and prevents water loss from the periciliary fluid.

Mucociliary transport velocity varies in the normal lung and has been estimated at about 1.5 mm/min in peripheral airways and 20 mm/min in

Mucociliary transport are slower in the presence of the following conditions or substances, many of which are associated with airway damage:

no association between milk and dairy product intake and upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms of

A healthy person is thought to produce about _____ of mucus per 24 hours

is affected by many drugs, including surfactants and beta agonist agents.

forms a protective barrier between the respiratory tract epithelium and the environment.