Pbio Final

A) a fair price..

B) Direct trade

C) Democratic and transparent organizations

D) Community Development

E) Environmental sustainability

In this article they are researching a drug that antagonizes (blocks) the receptors in your brain that respond to THC. Much like atropine blocks the Acetylcholine receptors. What benefit do they suggest might come from blocking canabinoid receptors?

In the research on taranablant people taking 12 milligrams of the drug consumed ______ percent fewer calories than those taking a placebo.A) 11 B) 48 C) 31 D) 27

What negative side effects were noted? circle all that applyA) inability to operate motor vehicles B) irritability C) redness of the eyes D) gastrointestinal upset, nausea

According to Grounds for Change, how many migratory bird species utilize shade grown coffee plantings as a place to live? A) 75 B) 45 C) 150 D) 120

for starters, in this article on performance enhancing brain drugs, the author suggests that it is only cheating, and therefore should be regulated, in what situation?

"Personal achievements impersonally achieved are not truly the achievements of persons," said the report "Beyond Therapy" by the US President's Council on ____________, chaired at the time by ethicist Leon Kass.

Studies on healthy volunteers have shown the cognitive effects of enhancing drugs to be ______, but sufficient to be considered helpful.

In this article, how is the drug delivered to the patients? A) injection B) smoking C) topical patch D) nasal spray

The treatment is "a totally new route for increasing arousal, and the new study shows it to be relatively benign," said Jerome Siegel, "It reduces sleepiness without causing ____________."

You should be able to associate the drug Orexin A is an aid to prevent what?

Does the drug have any notable effect on people who are already alert?

The drug Modafinil (Provogil, or Alertec in Canada) activates what?

anerobic fermentation =

Sugar + yeast (w/o O2) =

The concentration of sugar we start with determines...

As a drug, ethanol is a...

Fermented fruit juice (up to 15% alcohol)

Grape juice can reach 20% sugar when grown in what kind of climate?

Mead = fermented...

In Africa, palm wine is made from sweet sap of...

This enxyme in saliva converts starch to sugar. Add water and yeast and you can have alcohol.

Fermented malt sugars (and grains)

Germinated roasted barley =

Honey malt = what type of roasting?

Rice wine in Asia...

Lactose sugar to alcohol...

Distilling wine or beer concentrates the alcohol, to greater than 17%

What is malt liquor really?

Ice distilling is really...

Liquors contain an alcohol content up to...

Distilled wines =

Fortified wines =

Brandies with added flavorings, syrups usually

What drink can have potatoes as a starch source?

What is an advantage of distillation?

Alocohol extraction of herbs, including wormwood and anise

Artemisia absinthium =

This developed a reputation of being more than just alcohol. Could have visions. People such as Hemingway, Van Goh and Oscar Wilde

Absinthe was said to cause...

Alcohol that has beginnings with molasses and the sugar trade.

What gives us tequila?

Proof =

In 1000 BC, Homer speaks of this natural mineral, mined from soil, as a use to drive away pests.

In the early middle ages, this was used to control covered smut in wheat.

Soaking seeds in what meant that the smut would be free of disease?

The grape species in Europe...

Most commonly grown species of grape in the Americas...

These people made wine from grapes at least 5,000 years ago.

The Roman god of wine and parties.

Who kept the skill of winemaking alive through the Dark Ages?

Recognized as the premier wine producers in Europe.

A symbol of the French identity.

Deep red, blue, black grapes make a...

Can you make white wine from red or black grapes?

How can farmers grow seedless grapes, like the ones you buy at the store?

Vitis labrusca is good for what?

A new disease that appeared in the French vineyards in 1848. Results from infections of leaves by a fungal pathogen.

What helped cure powdery mildew?

What was a solution to the powdery mildew problem?

A new malady in the vineyards in the 1860s, causing leaves to shrivel and damage done to the roots.

The root feeding aphid that was causing dry leaf disease...

Where did the aphid causing dry leaf disease come from?

What was the solution to dry leaf disease?

Another pathogen in European vineyards, this time in 1878. Produces masses of spores and fluffy mycelia whenever the weather id damp.

Discovers the concoction that kills the fungus, Bordeaux mixture.

Bordeaux mixture is now...

What did Europe turn to while France was facing these difficulties with wine?

After the 1849 Gold Rush, California turns to...

Did the grape diseases play a part in the French Revolution?

Rauwolfia serpentina =

Snakeroot contains _________, a chemical that reduces affect of adrenaline.

Reserpine becomes the first widely used sedative in ________ _________ practice for the treatment of mental illness.

Reserpines in such great demand that plant was nearly.....

Patients being treated for mental illness with reserpine showed...

Today, what is reserpine mostly used for?

These were once widely accepted as useful drugs for mental illness.

Name a few drugs once approved in "Psychiatry"

Today, there is controversy about which psychiatric drugs?

Studies suggest that the popular antidepressents are no more effective than what?

Over what percent of Americans drink at least one cup of coffee a day?

Coffee is second only to what in the global commodities market and is known as "Black gold"

Acts as an insencticide in plants. Quite a few plants contain it.

What other plants contain caffeine?

Caffeine gives us what?

What produces adrenaline in the body?

What produces noradrenaline?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline together give us what response?

Dilates some blood vessels, increases blood flow to muscles. Closes blood vessels to skin and head, causes loss of appetite. Increases urination

Increases blood pressure, circulates the glucose, the oxygen.

Is adrenaline available as an over the counter drug?

What is prescription epinephrine, injectable adrenaline, used for?

Caffeine does not cause a dramatic rise in blood glucose, so we...

Withdrawal symptoms of caffeine include...

How many cups of espresso would you have to drink in a short time in order to die?

The coffee fruit are?

Why must coffee cherries be handpicked?

Where is coffee native to?

Who discovers coffee around 1500 AD and begin to roast seeds and brew a drink?

In the 1600s, only what group of people produce coffee?

Arabs could receive the death penalty for selling what to Europeans?

An Indian travels where and brigns home coffee seeds to begin plantationsi n India?

After India, who begins to grow coffee plantations in their colonies?

The first European nation to produce coffee is the Dutch. Tremendous wealth for...

What replaces alcohol as a social drink in Europe?

A famous British insurance company that started out as a coffee shop on the docks.

In the 1840s, there is a what in Europe?

What appears in coffee in 1870?

When coffee rust kills a plant, the leaves die and new healthy leaves grow back. These don't last though. Why?

In 1875, what area is in ruins and switches from coffee to tea and rubber because of rust.

Because of rust, what becomes the world's center for coffee plantations?

What are the three top countries in terms of coffee production today?

The US buys what percent of world coffee production?

Shade grown coffee provides what?

In the 1970s, big companies began growing coffee in the sun with many insecticides and chemicals, killing...

What is a limitation of shade grown coffee?

Many US what migrate to South America and use environments of shade grown coffee to live?

Certifies growers as Eco-OK is they meet the criteria.

Markets coffee grown only by small farmers, using a direct marketing approach

What is the biggest threat to the world's coffee farmers?

What else can be fair trade?

This is wrapped in leafs of betel vine and chewed with a little lime.

A mixed stimulant that becomes addictive and causes diseases of the mouth (red mouth)

Sell Betel nuts on the street side in glass booths.

Celastrus edulis =

A nerve stimulant, chewed fresh leaves. Causes arousal, excitation, eurphoria

Reputation to reduce libido. The anti-aphrodisiac

Piper methysticum =

A mild sedative, used in Polynesia as a religious ritual. Preparation requires grating and soaking roots in water to prepare a tea.

In the US, this is a herbal supplement to ease anxiety, lower stress, calm the agitated

Over 25 reported causes of liver damage related to this plants use...

Aminita muscaria =

Muscarine is a mimic of what?

A central nervous system stimulant that leads to spastic paralysis

Eating mushrooms is said to induce...

This passes through the body quickly. Must drink urine for full effect.

Who was likely tripping on muscarine when they invaded?

A neurotransmitter in pain perception pathway. Important in transmitting the perception of chronic pain.

What parts of your body does the brain's pain map miss?

Heat causes special what to open, starting impulse along nerve which the brain perceives as heat.

A chemical that mimics the action of substance P, causes the sensation of pain we interpret as heat.

Capsicum annum

Where, other than food, can capsaicin be?

Used as a topical treatment for arthritis.

Mentha arvenis =

How does information travel in an animal nerve cell?

How fast does a wave travel?

Chrysanthemum cinerafiifolium =

Pyrethrum contains what?

Randomly opens portals, starts random, chatoic impulses and muscle spasms.

Pyrethrin is used as a what?

This acts in the same was as pyrethrins, opens channels of insects. Spasms, convulsion and death.

Tetrodotoxin =

Mimics AC, binds to the receptors, opens them.

Acetylcholine receptors come in two flavors...

The world's fastest enzyme...

The most widely used garden insecticide

What is the antidote to nerve gas attacks that US soldiers have at the ready?

What acts like atropine?

Causes food poisoning

What year was cocaine outlawed?

Opium, morphine and heroin are no longer available over the counter.

Prohbition starts.

Prohibition repealed

Marijuana tax act

Formal system of identifying drugs sold only under prescription implemented withe patent protection

Salvia banned in Ohio

Name two important uses of the sal resistant hemp fiber, in the era of wooden ships

What fabric derives its name from Cannabis sativa?

What famous document was written on hemp paper?

Henry Ford used hemp fiber to build what?

Over 4,000 years ago, the father of _____ medicine wrote about medical uses of marijuana.

What did Popular Mechanics say about hemp in the mid 1930s?

In the US, who were the first users of marijuana, generally speaking?

How did Reefer Madness depict the behavior of marijuana users

In the Smithsonian "Musuem of Fibers and Fabrics," what does it say about the hemp industry?