-
_H (-)
Exothermic, favorable, only spontaneous at LOW t
-
_H (+)
Endothermic, unfavorable, NONspontaneous at LOW T
-
_S (+)
More disorder, favorable, spontaneous at HIGH T
-
_S(-)
Less disorder, unfavorable, NONspontaneous at HIGH T
-
_Srxn=
?nSproducts -?nSreactants = J/K
-
_S: if more moles of gas are in PRODUCTS
S increases
-
_S: if more moles of gas are in REACTANTS
S decreases
-
T-ct (crossover temperature)
(_Hrxn)/(_Srxn)
-
if T-ct is (-)
there IS NO EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE
-
_Grxn = -RTln(K)
R=8.314(J/mol*k)
-
Group 1A: O.N.
+1 in all compoiunds
-
Group 2A: O.N.
+2 in all compounds
-
Group 7A: O.N.
Usually -1 in all compounds, EXCEPT with Oxygen
-
Hydrogen O.N.
+1 with nonmetals, -1 with metals and Boron
-
Oxygen O.N.
-2 in most compounds, -1 in peroxides X2O2
-
Leo the lion goes GER
loss of electrons is oxidation. gain of electrons is reduction
-
oxidized then it
lost electrons, reducing agent
-
reduced then it
gained electrons, oxidizing agent
-
In acidic solutions, you will only be able to add:
H+ or H20
-
To balance oxygen:
add 1 h20 to the side that needs the oxygen and 2H+s to the side that has enough oxygen atoms
-
To balance hydrogen
add 1 H+ to the side that needs the hydrogen
-
In basic solutions
convert remaining H+ to OH- by adding the same ammount of OH- to both sides
-
Nonmetals oxides added to water
THEY FORM ACIDS (NO2)
-
Metal oxides added to water
THEY FORM BASES (CaO)
-
Nonmetal hydrides are
Covalent and act as acids in solution HF
-
Accross period table -> nonmetal hydrice acid strength
increases because of an increase in electronegativity H20 < HF
-
Down a group, nonmetal acid strength
increases because of an increase in size of anion HF < HCL
-
nonmetal hydrides acidiity trend:
acid strength INCREASES from Left - Right & Top - Bottom; strongest nonmetal hydride compounds are bottom right of periodic table H2Se > PH3
-
Metal Hydrides are
ionic and act as bases
-
for metal cations,
the larger the charge, higher the acidity Al3+ > Mg2+
-
if charge is similar
the smaller the cation the higher the acidity
-
Oxyacid trends contain:
H, O, and a nonmetal
-
Different number of oxygens in oxyacid trends:
the more oxygen, the more acidic
-
Same number of oxygens in oxyacid trends:
depends on electronegativity, more electronegative, more acidic.
-
Lewis acid
accept pair of electrons
-
Lewis base
donate pair of electrons
-
cations, multiple bonds, B, Be
can accept electrons, lewis acids
-
NH3, H20, anions -
accept pair of electrons, lewis base
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