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Western Front
Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.
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Archduke Ferdinand
heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into World War I
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Sarajevo
capital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand's assassination
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Nicholas II
last emperor of Russia whose oorm military and political decistions led to this downfall and Russia's loss ing the war; he and kaiser whilhemls II madde many moves tahta led to the start of the war
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Gallipoli
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish Victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI.
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Armenians
Genocide- Assualt carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.
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Eastern Front
Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia
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Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews
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Georges Clemenceau
French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.
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David Lloyd George
Prime minister of GB who headed a coalition government through much of WWI and the turbulent years thta followed
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League of Nations
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.
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Indian National Congress Party
Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period
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Morley-Minto reforms
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils
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Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
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Rowlatt Act
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
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Mohandis Gandhi
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British empire after WWI; stressed non-violent but aggressive mass protest
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Satyagraha
Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism
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Lord Cromer
British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.
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Effendi
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.
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Dinshawai incident
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement
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Ataturk
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models
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Hussein
Military ruler of Iraq; led Iraq in ten-year war with Iran; attempted to annex Kuwait to Iraq in 1990; defeated by coalition of American, European, and Arab forces in 1991 in Persian Gulf War.
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Mandates
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
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Balfour Declaration
British minister's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issued in 1917
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Leon Pinsker
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.
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Theodore Herzl
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state
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Alfred Dreyfus
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right of Germany.
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World Zionist Organization
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.
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Wafd Party
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghl[[auumlaut]]l; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922
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Sa’d Zaghlul
Leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd party ; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922
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Marcus Garvey
African American political leader, had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in 1920s-1930s
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W.E.B. DuBois
African American political leader, had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in 1920s-1930s
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Pan-African
Organitzation that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after WWI
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Negritude
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements
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Leopold Sedar Senghor
One of the post- WWI writers of the negritude literaray movement that urged pride in African values
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