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Anatomy
study of an organism's structure
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physiology
study of functions or processes in an organism
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tissue
cooperating unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function
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organ
unit consisting of several tissues that together perform a specific task
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organ system
unit of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function
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epithelial tissue
sheets of closely packed cells that cover the surface of the body and line the internal organs
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connective tissue
groups of cells that hold together and support other tissues and cushion, insulate, and connect organs
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nervous tissue
tissue that transmits signals in the body in response to changes in the environment
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neuron
nerve cell; basic unit of nervous tissue
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skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton that allows movement of the body
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cardiac muscle
involuntary muscle that causes the heart to pump blood
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smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in most organs of the body
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homeostasis
internal stability or "steady state" maintained by the body
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hormone
signal molecule released into the bloodstream that triggers particular responses
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interstitial fluid
aqueous solution that fills the gaps between cells in a tissue
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integumentary system
outer covering that physically separates the body from the external environment
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epidermis
outermost layer of skin
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melanin
pigmented protein that gives skin its color
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dermis
layer of skin beneath and supporting the epidermis, made up mostly of fibrous connective tissue that gives the skin its strength and elasticity
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hypodermis
tissue layer beneath the dermis; contains adipose tissue, a connective tissue that includes fat-storing cells and blood vessels
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vertebra
segment of the backbone; encloses and protects the nerve cord
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cartilage
type of connective tissue softer than bone
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marrow
specialized tissue found in bone; yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat that serves as an energy reserve; red bone marrow makes cells that develop into blood cells
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joint
area where one bone meets another
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ligament
strong fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bones in movable joints
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arthritis
group of skeletal disorders characterized by inflamed joints
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osteoporosis
disorder in which bones become thinner, more porous, and more easily broken
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tendon
dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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muscle fiber
single, long cylindrical muscle cell containing many nuclei
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myofibril
unit of muscle fiber made up of smaller units that contract
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sarcomere
unit of contraction in a muscle fiber
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actin
twisted, thin filament in a muscle fiber
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myosin
thick filament in a muscle fiber; has bump-like projections
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