-
- author "nadiaessaqi"
- tags "224 "
- description "224"
- fileName "blood.txt"
- freezingBlueDBID -1.0
- Functions of blood (transport)
- *gas transport*O2 and CO2,nutrients from food,ions na+,k+,cl-,Ca2+,Mg2+,enzymes,waste products hormones
-
functions of blood (regulation)
osmotic pressure,ph,temp
-
functions of blood (protection)
blood loss,immune system-protects against pathogens(disease causing organisms)
-
under what circumstances would you collect blood from an artery using an arterial stick which is the common artery
(common to do radial using arterial stick) 02 content measure
-
what are the advantages to collect blood from a vein
1) easy to locate 2)lower pressure(seal sooner) 3)have thinner wall(easier to puncture)
-
characteristics of blood (volume) and (ph)
- volume females 4-5L males 5-6L
- ph 7.35-7.45(slightly alkaline)
- above 7.45alkosis
- below 7.35acidosis
-
chartacteristics of blood (body weight)(viscosity) (temp)
- 8% of body weight is blood
- 5-8 times more viscous than water
- temp 38degreesC 100.4 F*blood is warmer than body*
-
blood chartacteristics (hypovolemic) (hypervolemic)
- hypovolemic:lowblood vol.(bleeding dehydration)
- hypervolemic(due to over hydration and some blood disorders) *hyper less common*
-
portion of blood composed of plasma
55% of blood volume is plasma
-
how much plasma is water
91.5 percent is water is plasma
-
what solutes would be found suspened in plasma?
electrolyts=ions,nutrients,02 and co2,hormones,enzymes,metabolic wastes
-
what does fibrinogen do?
fibrinogen clots
-
what plasma protein is part of the immune system?
immunogolbins IgG IgA IgE IgD IgM spells GAMED
-
what plasma protein controls most of the exchange?
Albumins controls most of the exchange in the capillary
-
Albumins carry what?
fatty acids and steroid hormones
-
Albumins are found in and determine most of what?
found in egg whites and determine most of BCOP
-
WHAT WILL BE TRANSPORTED BY GLOBULINS
- metalioproteins-transport metal ions
- apolipoproteins-fat transports
-
what portion of blood is composed of formed elements
45percent is composed of formed elements
-
how many erythrocytes are in a microliter of blood
4.8-5.4 million are in microliter of blood
-
what r the percentages of the wbc's?
-
what is a hemocytoblast?
blood cell stem cell can differntiate into any blood cell
-
what does colony forming units play in the development of formed elements?
act as signaling molecule to direct differemtiation
-
what precurser cells will give rise to elements?(megakaryoblast)
megakaryocytes breaks up into thromocytes aka platelets
-
what precurser cells will give rise to elements?(proerythroblast)
mature into erythrocytes
-
what precurser cells will give rise to elements? MYELOBLAST
eosinophil, neutrophiler, basophil
-
what precurser cells will give rise to elements? MONOBLAST
monocytes aka macrophage
-
what precurser cells will give rise to elements? LYPHOBLAST
lymphocyte
-
how is an agranulocte different from a granulocyte?
- agranulocyte have no visual in cytoplasm
- granulocytes have visual in cytoplasm
-
granulocyte leukocytes
eosinophil basophils neutrolphil
-
agranual leukocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
-
diapedesis is
emigration process by which WBC leaves blood and moves into interstitial fluid
-
how chemotaxis affect leukocytes
chemical attraction to wbc
-
selectins are?
on endotheial cell act as an adhesian molecule to grab on wbc
-
integrins are
on WBC use them to tether to the endotheial cell and roll down surface
-
how does the lack of nucleus affect erythrocytes?
no dna no mitosis,dont make proteins,little no cell repair,no mitrochondria,use glycolysis to make atp (2 atp/glucose) *no mitro cause it would use all 02 to make energy*
-
why the shape of rbc is important
- donut biconcave disc
- 1allows to stack on top
- 2narrow area in the middle allows them to fold twist and bend 2 get thru small vessels
- 3high surface area to volume ratio
-
how many molecules of hemoglobin will each erythrocyte contain?
250-280million hemoglobin molecules
-
how many oxygen can a single hemoglobin bind?
4 oxygen molecules hemoglobin carries
-
which component of hemoglobin is composed of protein
globin units is composed of protein
-
which component of hemoglobin will give blood its color?
heme gives blood its color
-
what metal ion is within hemoglobin?
iron
-
what gases bound to what components of hemoglobin
heme o2 globin co2
-
types of conditions decrease in blood oxygen concentration
hypoxia,blood loss, anemia, increased elevation
-
which hormones will increase the production of rbc's
erythropoeitin
-
how does erythropoeitin act
receptors in kidneys detect low O2->erythropoeitin released->1incresed production of proerythroblasts 2increased rate of maturity
-
how long do erythrocytes live
120days erythrocytes live
-
where in the body are erythrocytes broken down?
macrophage in spleen liver or bone marrow engulfs rbcs
-
what does globin break down into?
amino acids which are then recycled
-
what role does transferrin play during the break down of erythrocytes
Iron from heme binds to transferrin a metalloprotein,transferrin-iron ion transporter
-
what is biliverdin
When fe3+ is removed from heme biliverdin (green)is left over then Is converted to bilirubin (yellow)
-
What will combine in red bone marrow for erythropoiesis
Globin,erythropoietin,vitamin b12,fe3+
-
Where bilirubin will travel to from
From liver to small intestines
-
How bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen
Normal bacteria converts bilirubin to urobilinogen(colorless)
-
The purpose of ferritin
Iron binds to ferritin 2 be stored in liver
-
What urobilinogen breaks down into
Splits apart *urobilin* to kidneys(lost in urine (makes yellow) *stercobblin* lost in feces(makes brown)
-
How do vascular spasms occur
Smooth muscle in vessel wall spasms-contracts THis can temp. Stop bleeding following this it relaxes and opens back up in a few secs
-
What happens during platelet adhesion?
Platelets stick to damaged vessel wall and endothelial cells become sticky
-
What occurs during platelet release reaction?
Platelets release thromboxana a2 adp and serotonin. serotonin + thromboxane A2= vasoconstrictors adp and thromboxane a = activates/attracts platelets
-
Why and how does platelet aggregation occur?
- Platelets gather near wound. Adp makes platelets sticky.
- Use fibrinogen to link platelets together
-
How is the intrinsic pathway different from the extrinsic pathway?
- Intrinsic:more steps(slower)
- Extrinsic:quicker,fewer steps
-
Steps intrinstic and extrinsic activate what?
- Both activvate factor X -causing prothrombinase to be released. Thrombinase is the enzyme use to activate prothrombin to thrombin
- Fibrinogen- h20 soluble and fibrin is not
-
How do antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants work? Asprin
Anti platelet asprin block thromboxane a2 so platelets r unable to aggregate and stick together
-
Antiplatelet drug plavix works
Prevents adp from binding/release
-
Anticoagulants warfarin
Warfarin aka coumadin blocks production of clotting factors
-
Anticoagulants heparin
Heparin blocks thrombin
-
Agglutunogen
Clumping from antigen antibody binding clumping will cause blood not to flow well and cause the blood cells to burst(lyse)
-
-
Agglutinogens
Antigens that stimulates production of agglutinin
-
Blood a antigens and antibodies
Antigens a antibodies b
-
Blood b antigens and antibodies
B antigens on surface and a anti in plamsa
-
Ab group antibodies and antigens
A and b antigens and no a or b antibodies
-
Group o antigens and antibodies
Neither antigens and a and b antibodies
-
O plasma
Can receive from all types and ggive to o only
-
B plamsma
Ccan give to b and o and recevive from b and ab
-
A plasma
Donate a and o and receive from a and type ab
-
Ab plasma
Donate all types and receive to ab only
-
Which antigen is responsible for the rh factor
D antigen. Rh negative only make anti d antibodies if u r exposed to rh+ blood 2nd time
-
Hemolytic. Disease of a new born
During 2nd pregnancy with rh+ baby those antibodies cross placenta and attack fetal cell (can cause miscarriage if large enough amount of antibodies) * rhogam is for further pregnancies
-
Polycythemia vera
Problem with bone marrow too many rbc made -makes blood more viscous -blood letting -chemo/radiation,bone marrow transplant SECONDARY increase in rbc that is physiologically appropriate. ex. Spending time in elevation
-
Blood doping
Use drugs to increase rbc count
-
Thrombocytopenia
Abnormally low platelet count decreases blood clotting
-
Leukopenis
Abnormally low wbc count-decrease ability to fight infections hiv/aids
-
Leukemis
Bone marrow cancer make too many wbcs can be cured by chemo transplant of bone marrow
-
Sepsis
Blood poisoning bacterial infection of blood starts in an infected wound
-
Infectious mono
Eppstein barr virus fatigue,,fever,sore throat, weight loss(viral)
-
Malaria
Mosquito born plasmodium parasite effects rbcs fever,fatigue,joint ppain, shivering
-
Iron deficiency anemia
Not enough iron, decreased ability to bind o2
-
Folate deficiency anemia
Not enough folate,prego women,folic acid for fetal development
-
Pernicious anemia
Not able to make intrinsic factor required to absorb vit. B 12(needed to make protein)
-
Hemolytic anemia
Rupture rbc transfusion reaction
-
Aplastic anemia
destruction of bone marrow quits making cells(affects all types of blood cells)
-
Sickle cell anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes cells to sickle C shape instead of round gets stuck in small vessels inable to bind o2 correctly carriers Aa are better able to fight malaria
|
|