Soil Science final

Which of the following soil horizons would likely have the highest percentage of organic matter?

Which of the follwing conditions would result in the greatest soil development, assuming that all other soil forming factors are equal:

soils on south aspects in the Northern Hemisphere generally ha _______ than soils on adjacent north aspects.

Aspect is a component of which soil forming factor?

In the Northern Hemisphere, soil developement is most likely greatest on slopes which are:

B horizons are defined as zones of

Sediment deposits in teh bottom of fresh water lakes are called.

Parent materials transported by water and gravity are called, respectively:

an eolian deposit of silt sized materials is called:

As one travels from the Mojave Desert into the Sierra Nevada mountains, percipitation increases. one can expect the soil:

Material deposited by moving fresh water is called:

soils formed from landslied deposits have parent materials which are

Loess is a wind deposited soil parent material. the material originally was

Two landforms upon which one would expect to find alluvium include:

Alluvial soils are most often found on:

Aeolian parent materials would be mainly located on:

the steeper the topography, usually the _____ the soil

Climate is a soil-forming factor that resultsin:

The A horizon of a limestone- derived soil is more acid than the parent material due to:

transported soil parent materials moved by wind and ice

Typically, the older the soil, the greater the:

The most common mineral in limestone is:

Among the following minerals which one is an important source of K and clay soils?

The following minerals is a list of common igneous rock types:

the metamorphic rocks, gneiss and slate, are derived from

Primary minerals in igneous rocks form during the

The two most abundant soil secondary minerals found in the clay-sized fraction of gabbro-derived soils are

Vermiculite is derived from____ and has a physical property of_____.

A sedimentary rock composed of clay-sized mineral grains that are cemented together by silica is called

Igneous rocks are formed in water-contact lava and surface lava flows from felsic magma are called

Ferromagnesian minerals weather easily and supply the soil solution with high amounts of

Montmorillonite is derived from____ and has the physical property of:

Igneous rocks are classified into different groups based on

Among the following which one is recognized as an element

Muscovite is an example of a/an

The downward movement of material( e.g, humus, iron oxide, clay) out of soil surface horizon is called

Among the following weathering processes which one is most likely to produce clay- size minerals?

Among the following processes which one is not a physical weathering process?

Complete oxidationof iron in soils can result in

Which of the following essential elements is made available to plants in significant quantities by the weathering of quartz?

Which of the following essential elements for plants is released by the weathering of orthoclase feldspar?

NaAlSi3O8+HOH----> NaOH+ HAlSi3O8 is an example of

The following secondary clay minerals would be abundant in soils weathered from granitic alluvium:

A mottled soil condition is caused by:

The two conditions necessary for reduction of iron on soils are:

Hydrolysis of a sand-sized feldspar mineral grain would result in

The two common products of hydrolysis weathering of primary mineral are

Secondary minerals are found in

The loss of soluble salta from soils occurs mainly by:

physical waeathering of rock causes:

the elements added to the soil solutionby mineral weathering can be

The following is a list of plant essential nutrients potentially supplied to the soil by mineral weathering

If you were to choose the best location for a building foundation on a level slope, you would want a soil high in

the downward leaching of calcium carbonate in soils is accomplished by

In a sandy soil subject to rapid downward leaching of water, which substances could move deeper into the soil than silicate clays?

The three most abundant elements in teh lithosphere are

The oxygen found in minerals in the lithosphere is

The three most abundant gases in teh atmosohere are

Then most abundant gases in teh atmosphere is

The percentage of sand, silt and clay in a soil define the soils

soil mottles are

soils having which of the following textures would have the greatest aeration?

The unconsolidated and chemically weathered mineral or organic matter from which the solum of soils is developed by natural processes of soildeveloped is called

Which of the following is an example of a structureless condition in soil?

The negative logarithm in the definition of pH means that for each unit decrease in pH, the H+ concentration

The inflitration rate of water will be slowest in soils which are

The arrangement of primary soil particles into aggregates which are seperated by surfaces of weakness is called

the H+ concentration of soil solution having a pH of 4 is called

Which of the following soil horizons would probably have the highestcolor value?

Subordinate horizons:
illuvial accumulation of clay

Subordinate horizons:
illuviation of iron and alumminum oxides

subordinate horizon:
farming disturbance of the topsoil

Subodordinate horizon:
illuviation accumulation of carbonates

Percent porosity and soil bulk density are related. an increase in porosity results in;

one can decrease the soil bulk density by adding _____ to the topsoil:

Percipitation falling in excess of the soil infiltration rate is lost by:

Clay soils have higher average_____ values than sandy soils

Soil color is a result of:

One can increase the soil bulk density by adding _____ to the top soil

A clay loam soil with a pH of 9.5 will have a low:

The active soil acidity is defined as the

A clay soil, low in organic matter in the Mojave Desert, will have______ in its epipedon.

In order to convert and acid (pH4.0) soil into a productive (pH 6.5) agriculture soil, the best reclamation recommendation would be to:

In an alkaline mineral soil derived from limestone, the following soluble cations will likely be present:

A soil with high CEC will likely be composed of high amounts of:

the soil pH will be ______ after 10 years, as a result of adding calcium carbonate to sandy soils

In order to convert an acid organic (pH4.0) soil into a productive (pH6.0) agricultural soil.

Which of the following soil textural classes would you expect to have the lowest CEC?

Which of the follwing has the highest cation exchange capacity?

The clay mineral which is most often responsible for swelling and shrinking in soils:

Soils of which of the following textures can absorb and hold the greatest amount of air pollutants along heavily traveled highway?

The potential soil acidity is defined as the

the following are acid cations abundant in pH 4.5 soil

In an alkaline mineral soil derived from dolomite, the following cations will likely be present:

Soil pH is a measure of:

In order to convert an alkaline (pH9.5) soil into a productive (pH 6.5) agricultural soil, the best reclamation recomindation would be to

In an acid mineral soil derived from granite, teh following cations will likely be present:

The following buffer compounds tend to maintain an alkaline soil pH

The optimum pH range for maximum plant nutrient availability is

A loamy sand soil, high in organic matter in redwood forest. will have______ in its epipedon.

A clay soil derivede from basalt would contain high amounts of:

The active soil acidity is defined as the

Calcium is considered a_____ cation and is derived from the weathering of ____

in an acid (pH 4.5) mineral granite- derived soil, the following soluble cations will likely be present:

in order to convert an alkaline mineral(pH 9.0) soil into productive (pH 6.5) agriculture soil, the best reclamation recomendation would be to

In an acid mineral soil derived from granite. the following cations will likely be deficient

The more vermiculite clay and organic matter a soil has, the greater its:

The following buffer compounds tend to maintain an acid soil pH

Soil buffering capacity can be increased by adding _____ to the top soil

The material which is most often added to acid soils to raise the pH is

The most common acid found in all A horizons is

Which of the following textures has the highest cation exchange copacity, assuming that they all have the same organic matter content?

In an acid, organic soil, the following cations will likely be present:

soils can be acidified by incorporating ______ to teh top soil

The soil pH will be ______ after 10 years, as a result of adding ammonium-nitrogen fertilizers to sandy soils:

The exchange complexes of strongly acid (pH 4.5) mineral soils are saturated mainly with

In the B horizons of which order would you most likely find a soil with the highest buffering capacity?

How does the amount of lime needed to neutralize the residual acidity in clay loam soil compare to that needed to neutralize the active acidity in that soil?

Which of the follwing human actions is most apt to result in a long term increase in soil pH?

the drainage of certain wetlands can resulted in extreme soil acidity because____

Which of these elements is most likely to be toxic to plants in a soil pH 4.0?

Phosphorus availability is very low in most strongly acid soils because of its reaction with

Assume you want to grow azaleas in a soil with a pH of 6.0. the application of which of the following would be most appropriatw to make this soil suitable for this ornamental?

If you want to quickly increase the pH of a soil from 5.5 to 7.0 which of the following would you use?

Under which of the following conditions would you favor a finely ground dolomitic limestone as your choice among liming minerals?

Which of the is likely to occur when lime is added to the surface a soil pH 6.0?

In humid regions, applications of limestone are repeated every few years primarily because of

The very high pH levels found in some arid region soils are most likely due to high levels exchangeable

Poor plant growth in well-drained irrigated Ardisol (pH=8.0) is most likely due to ___

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The CEC of alkaline soils are generally higher than those of most acid soils of similar texture. Which of the following characteristics of alkaline soils most likely accounts for this high CEC?

A homeowner in new mexico attempted to grow azaleas in well drained soil (7.5) but the plants were stunted and the leaves were yellow. what is the most likely cause of this constraint?

Some irrigation systems have stimulated the formation of saline and saline-sodic soils. which of the following contributes to this process?

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Saline soils are charicterized by

Saline -sodic soils are characterized all but which one of the following?

Soil physical conditions began to deteriorate and crop yields began to decline several years after farmer started irrigating a field. which of the follwing most likely account for this solution?

Which of the following plants would most apt to tolerate soil salinity?

Which of the following characteristicsof irrigation water is most apt to stimulate the formation of high sodic soils?

If you want to reclaim a saline -sodic soil, which of the following practices would you most likely use?

you were advised to use elemental sulfur in the reclemation of saline-sodic soil. Indicate how the sulfur helps bring about this reclamation.

Gypsum is the most widely used chemical for the reclamation of sodic soils. what characteristic likely accounts for this popularity?

Sodic soils generally have a poor physical condition. This is most likely due to

Available phosphorus levels are constrained in alkaline and salt-affected soils because of

Attempts phosphorus levels are constrained in alkaline and salt-affected soils because of____

Which of the following comparisons of the three different classes of salt-affected soil is correct?

The growth of plants on sodic soils is constrained by all but one of the following

The degradation of irrigated soils across the once very productive "fertile Crescent" of the middle east was due primarily to

which of the follwing best describes a sodic soil?

Which of the following would be the best management recommendation for sodic soil reclamation?

Which of the following is not a potential source of salt in soils?

Which of the following soil parent materials would not be a potential source of soluble salts in soils?

High sodium contents in clay loam soils often result in:

In order to convert a saline soil to non- saline, which treatment would be the best management recommendation?

Which of the following best describes a saline soil?

(158)Which of the following groups of soil orginisms are responsible for greatest amount of organic matter decomposition in soils?

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Which of the following microorganisms can commonly be seen with the unaided eye in organic matter-rich soils?

Compared to the bulk soil in which earthworms live, earthworm casts contain

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In nature, beneficial mycorrhize form with the roots of___

In most soils the overall population of microorganisms changes with time, generally following changes in the

Memebers of this(these) microbial groups are resposible for a major proportion of nitrogen fixed globally in symbiosis with higher plants

(168)Oxidation or reduction of inorganic soil constituents such as iron and sulfur is carried out by members of which group of microorganisms

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Nearly all organic compounds from which living beings are made have as thier backbone, chains or rings of____ atoms

Which of the following are major sources of the carbon dioxide now being added the atmosphere in excess of the amount taken out by plants?

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas contributed to the atmosphere by soils?

after drying to eliminate the water in plant litter, which two elements account for about 80% of the dry weight?

Humic substances consist of ___

Soil irganic matter consist of ____

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One would expect well drained soils to have the highest organic matter contents where the climate is ____

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Soils with thick horizons consisting mainly (>30% by weight) of organic matter and that form in topographic depression or low -lying places usually belong to the soil order.

A soil low in organic matter is most likely to be deficient in whicj esssential element for plant growth?

in aerobic respiration by microbes_____ is absorbed, and ______ is released

The terms nitrification and nitrogen fixation are often confused. Nitrification actually means

Which is NOT a mechanism of loss of nitrogen from the total soil system?

Which of the following is an example of nitrogen immobilization?

The conversion of nitrogen gas to a plant available form of nitrogen is accomplished nitially through the process of

Nitrogen immobilization in soils occurs as a result of

Humus in soils is

Organic matter decomposition is increased by

The three nutrients whose availability to plants is most directly related to the decomposition of organic matter in soil are:

Soil air differs from the atmosphere we breath in that:

organic matter influences many soils properties organic matter causes

As the percentage of soil organic matter is decreased due to poor crop management. generally the:

the C N ratio of organic materials refers to the

Nitrogen is a component of which essential plant compounds

a deficiency of N typically _____ the maturity of annal plants

Applied to agricultural crops, the term lodging refers to

In early stages of plant nitrogen deficiency, the most obvious symptoms are

Plsnts obtain nitrogen from the soil by taking up

the greater majority of nitrogen (95 to 98) in soils can be found in the form of

The process of_____ releases soluble nitrogen as the result of the breakdown of nitrogen- rich organic compounds

The opposite process from mineralization is

Ammonium fixation would be expected to be greatest in soils containing a lot of

Ammonia losses are likely to be greatest if a nitrogen source is placed about 10cm deep in

Methemoglobinemia is principally a potential threat to

Compared to gypsum, elemental sulfur is sometimes considered a more desireable fertilizer material because

Because of ______ soils developed in marine marshes can become ectremely acid if drained ofr agriculture or used as topsoil

The drainage class of a soil is directly related to

A reddish brown soil located on an upland landscape position is

the soil with more macropores will have:

a grayish loe chroma soil located on concave valley landscape position is most likely to be

the seasonally high watertable of a soil determines its:

the soil with more micropores willl have

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Many agricultural soils in the SW san juaquin valley_____ in thier topsoils

Large areas of western Fresno Co. are subject to subsidence due to______

Vernal pools are

Organic matter decomposition within the sacramento Delta islands causes

Many agricultural soils in the talure lake basin have ____ in thier subsoils

The sodium near Mount Lassen are weathered from

Land leveling of agricultural soils of the San Joaquin Valley causes

subsoil drainage systems in agricultural soils helps to

Enviornmental concerns related to agricultural soil drainage systems include

Mechanical ripping of soil hardpans in the eastern San Joaquin valley causes

Irrigation of agricultural soils in the San Joaquin Valley results in

Subsudence of soils in the western Fresno Co. area causing