weather

bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, streams, resorvoirs

10% of worlds fresh water

sea water and fresh water mic

in all the lakes and streams

most pulluted than anyother source of fresh water

underground resirvires inside the rocks

• warm air rises --> expands --> cools
• cold air cannot hold much water vapour
• excess water vapour condensses onto dust on air and foarms a tiny proplet around each dust partical
• it takes billions of droplets come together to form a visible cloud
• droplets group togethr (congregate) because of different factors in atmosphere

the motion of particals such as atoms, ions, molecules in substance

from one object to another

• conduction
• convection
• Radiation

• a mechanisam of heat transfer where atoms/molecules emit electromagnetic waves
• waves carry energy through space and deposit it when they entiract with some form of matter

• radiation
• energy from sun is carried by electomagnetic waves until come in contact with earth

other energy transfer mechanisams require matter (solid/liquid substance) to transport the energy

enegy from sun travles (electromagnetic waves) --> comes in contact with earth --> atmosphere reflects, absorbes, scatters radiationreducing amount ofenergy reaching earth surface

• shows the amount of energy the earth gets from solar radiation
• and
• how amount of energy the earth sends back into space

radiating as much energy as it is absorbing

energy transformation that occur between absoption and re emitssion

• more clouds less absorption more reflection
• less clouds more absourption by arth surface

more energy emitted by sun more energy reflected e and absorbed by earth

more energy absorbed more energy reflected back into space

• light collered objects have high albedo = high reflection = low temeptire
• dark colored objects have less albedo = high absorption = high tempeture

the measure of distance north / south from the equator

spread over a larger area = less solar energy means less absorption and reflection

la nina

When wind blowes on water, it causes some water to be blown away creating a holl causing cool water from bellow come up. bringing up nutrients that have settled at bottom ocean.

• when upwelling occur off the west coasts of continents within/near tropical zone due to trade winds.
• when cool water from below comes up to replace water was blowen away it brings up nutrients which have settled to bottom of ocean.
• algae thrive (grow) in cool, nutrient-rich water fish feed on the algae

Warming of east pacific waters

• every few years caused by reversal of the direction of
• trade winds between south america,austrlia indonesia

• E- El
• N- nino
• S- southern
• O- oscillation

ENSO

current state of the atmosphere

23.5^o

tilt of the earths axis causes effect of different seasons

• must be atlist 0.5mm to fall
• creat fine mist

• raindrops and ice crystals coatesce to get larger
• thye collide and blend together

air between clouds and ground above 0

if air between clouds and ground bellow 0 (freezing point)

makes crystals remain small like fine powder

snowflakes stick together and become larger

• icie pallets
• a layer of air below the cloud is warm enough to melt the snow and turn it into rain
• closer to the ground the air is below freezing point so raindrops freezr again

freeze as crystals instead form ice pellets

when rain hits cold objects it freezes instantly creating a solid coating of ice

• hailstones start as frozen raindrops
• instead of falling directily to earth
• womd in cumulonibus clouds carries hailstones back up into the clouds