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Fresh water
bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, streams, resorvoirs
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How much water Canada has
10% of worlds fresh water
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estesry
sea water and fresh water mic
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more ground water then
in all the lakes and streams
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ground water is also
most pulluted than anyother source of fresh water
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Aquifer
underground resirvires inside the rocks
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clouds formation
- warm air rises --> expands --> cools
- cold air cannot hold much water vapour
- excess water vapour condensses onto dust on air and foarms a tiny proplet around each dust partical
- it takes billions of droplets come together to form a visible cloud
- droplets group togethr (congregate) because of different factors in atmosphere
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thermal energy
the motion of particals such as atoms, ions, molecules in substance
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heat is thermal energy transfered
from one object to another
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3 mechanisams of heat transfer
- conduction
- convection
- Radiation
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Radiation
- a mechanisam of heat transfer where atoms/molecules emit electromagnetic waves
- waves carry energy through space and deposit it when they entiract with some form of matter
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only mechanisam to energy transfer to earth is
- radiation
- energy from sun is carried by electomagnetic waves until come in contact with earth
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why is radiation only mechanusam of energy transfer to earth
other energy transfer mechanisams require matter (solid/liquid substance) to transport the energy
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earth rediation budget
enegy from sun travles (electromagnetic waves) --> comes in contact with earth --> atmosphere reflects, absorbes, scatters radiationreducing amount ofenergy reaching earth surface
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earths rediation budget is a modal that
- shows the amount of energy the earth gets from solar radiation
- and
- how amount of energy the earth sends back into space
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earth maintains balnce and tempeture balance by
radiating as much energy as it is absorbing
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what drives weather
energy transformation that occur between absoption and re emitssion
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how does solar radiation budget influnced by cloud cover?
- more clouds less absorption more reflection
- less clouds more absourption by arth surface
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how does solar radiation budget influnced by solar radiation
more energy emitted by sun more energy reflected e and absorbed by earth
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how does solar radiation budget influnced by absorption
more energy absorbed more energy reflected back into space
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why lighter colored objects less hot then darker colored objects
- light collered objects have high albedo = high reflection = low temeptire
- dark colored objects have less albedo = high absorption = high tempeture
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Latitude
the measure of distance north / south from the equator
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higher angle of latitude means beam of light is
spread over a larger area = less solar energy means less absorption and reflection
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Opposite of el nino
la nina
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upwelling
When wind blowes on water, it causes some water to be blown away creating a holl causing cool water from bellow come up. bringing up nutrients that have settled at bottom ocean.
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why are upwelling good ?
- when upwelling occur off the west coasts of continents within/near tropical zone due to trade winds.
- when cool water from below comes up to replace water was blowen away it brings up nutrients which have settled to bottom of ocean.
- algae thrive (grow) in cool, nutrient-rich water fish feed on the algae
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El nino
Warming of east pacific waters
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how often el nino occures in south america? why?
- every few years caused by reversal of the direction of
- trade winds between south america,austrlia indonesia
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southern oscrllation called "ENSO" which standes for:
- E- El
- N- nino
- S- southern
- O- oscillation
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southern oscrllation
ENSO
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Weather
current state of the atmosphere
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what effects the seasons
tilt of the earths axis causes effect of different seasons
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Rain
- must be atlist 0.5mm to fall
- creat fine mist
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Coatesce
- raindrops and ice crystals coatesce to get larger
- thye collide and blend together
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rain when
air between clouds and ground above 0
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Snow
if air between clouds and ground bellow 0 (freezing point)
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Snow
Extremely cold air
makes crystals remain small like fine powder
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Snow
warmer air
snowflakes stick together and become larger
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Sleet
- icie pallets
- a layer of air below the cloud is warm enough to melt the snow and turn it into rain
- closer to the ground the air is below freezing point so raindrops freezr again
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sleet does not
freeze as crystals instead form ice pellets
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Freezing Rain
when rain hits cold objects it freezes instantly creating a solid coating of ice
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Hail
- hailstones start as frozen raindrops
- instead of falling directily to earth
- womd in cumulonibus clouds carries hailstones back up into the clouds
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