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Primary function of Lymph Vessels
Drainage vessesls that collects excess protein intersititial fliod and returns it to the blood.
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What tissue lacks lymph capillaries? Why?
Bones, teeth, bone marrow and the CNS
Because they use CSF to collect fluid
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Where are lacteals located?
In the intestinal mucosa
It carries white fatty lymph called Chyle.
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What factors drive the flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels?
- Smooth muscle contract in vessel walls
- Pressure changes in thorax from breathing
- Valves prevent backflow
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What are the 2 major types of lymphocytes?
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Function of T Cells
Immune response against viral and cancer cells
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Function of B Cells
Produce plasma cells that synthesize antibodies
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Where in the lymph node would you find follicles?
In the outer cortex and consist of B Cells
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Function of the Thymus
Maturation of T Cells (childhood)
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Function of the Spleen
- Largest lymphoid organ
- Removes aged and defective blood cells from circulation
- Contain macrophages to clean blood of foreign matter
- Stores RBC for later use
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Name the forms of tonsils and where they are located
- Palatine - End of Oral Cavity
- Lingual - Base of tongue
- Tubal - Openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
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The tonsil that is most likely to be infected
Palatine Tonsil
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What are Peyer's patch and where are they found?
- Peyer's patches establish their importance in the immune
- surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating the generation of the immune response within the mucosa.
Located in the Ileum
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A functional system consisting of trillions of immune cells and molecules tha inhait lymphatic tissues and circulation providing resistance to diease (immunity)
The Immune System
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Cells and molecules PRESENT FROM BIRTH in skin and circulation that protect against invading pathogens.
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses
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What are the components of the innate or nonspecific immune system?
- Skin and Mucosae
- Cells and Chemicals
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Where are surface barriers or external body membranes located in the body?
Epithelial (skin & mucosae)
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How do surface barriers protect against infection?
By inhibiting the growth of bacteria and trapping and killing microorganisms.
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What are some of the chemicals produce in surface barriers?
- Acid
- HCI
- Lysozyme Protein
- Mucus
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Cells that ingest large particles and bacteria and break them down
Phagocytes
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Develop from monocytes that enter tissues
Most dominant phagocyte
Macrophage
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What are the primary phagocytic cells of the innate immune system?
where are they located
- Alveolar----Lungs
- Dendritic (Langerhan's)----Epidermis
- Kupffer----Liver
- Microglia-----Brain
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What is the function of natural killer cells?
Kill virus and cancer infected cells
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How is the function of natural killer cells different from that of lymphocytes?
Natural killer cells do not target a specific virus or cancer cell type
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Name the 4 signs of inflammation?
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Main inflammatory chemicals produced by cells of the immune system
- Histamine
- Kinins
- Prostaglandins
- Complement
- Cytokines
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What are benefits of local edema produced by exudate containinginflammatory chemicals and proteins?
- Dilutes toxic chemicals from pathogens
- speeds delivery of repair materials
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Function of Interferon (IFN)
- A protein that prevent viral replication in neighboring cells
- Mobilize macrophages to area and activate NK cells
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Group of plasma proteins that when activate release chemical mediators that amplify inflammatory response, enchance phagocytosis and lyse cells
Complement
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To make (bacteria or other cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes.
Opsonization
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Group of complement proteins that inserts into cell membrane to cause cell death
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
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Abnormally high body temp in response to chemicals called pyrogens secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to bacteria and antigens
Fever
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any substance or agent that tends to cause a rise in body temperature, such as some bacterial toxins
pyrogen
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Name the cells that recognize specific foreign substances and act to immobilize, neutralize and destroy them
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Antigen-specific, systemic, and have memory
Adaptive defenses
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Immune cells present throughout body
Systemic
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Memory cells enhance response to previously encoutnered antigens
Memory Cells
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Difference in humoral immunity and cellular immunity
- Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies
- Cellular immunity is mediated directly by T Cells
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Molecules that are not normally present in the body (nonself), and provoke an immune response
Antigens
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a site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which a single antibody
molecule binds; generally an antigen has several or many different
antigenic determinants and reacts with many different antibodies
Antigenic Determinant
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the ability of an antigen to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes and antibody production
immunogenicity
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the ability of an antigen to react with the lymphocytes and antibodies
reactivity
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small molecules that are reactive but not immunogenic unless attached to a protein carrier
haptens
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immunogenic regions of antigen
antigenic determinants
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antigens that are not immunogenic to an individual but strongly immunogenic to others
self antigens
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Self antigens involved in cellular immunity
MHC Major histocompatibility complex proteins
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What is the MHC (self antigen) in humans called?
HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen)
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Produced from lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow
Lymphocytes
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where are Class I MHC located
On surface of nearly all cells
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Where are Class II MHC located
Only on surface of professional antigenpresenting cells.
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What types of cells express self antigens
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these cells become immunocompetent in Bone Marrow
B Cells
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These cells become immunocompetent in Thymus
T Cells
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T cells that strongly bin or are not immunocompetent are weeded out and destroyed, while T cells that weakly bind continue to develop
Self-Tolerance
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Engulfs and digest antigens and presents part of theim on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cell receptors
Antigen Presenting Cells
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Class of antibody that is the B cell antigen receptor
IgD
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Most abundant circulating antibody; protects against bacteria, viruss and toxins
primary and secondary responses
IgG
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Class of antibody rarely in plasma
In skin, mucosae of digestive and respirtory tracts 7 tonsils
IgE
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Genes for H & L chain proteins contain segments of DNA that are shuffled by somatic recombination
Results in a variation in the antigen specificity of the antibodies produced
antibody diversityh
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The cell that can produce mor than 1 class of antibody
Plasma
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Functions of antibodies
- Precipitation
- Lysis
- Agglutination
- Neutralization
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Antibodies bind antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes that inactive antigens or target them for destruction
Functions of antibodies
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Large antigen-antibody complexes formed that settle out of solution
Makes easier targets for macrophages
Precipitation
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Antibodies bind to antigens on surface of bacteria and mismatched red blood cells
Triggers fixation ancd cell death
Lysis
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IgM binds to antigens on surface of mismatched red blood cells and form large complexes (Clumping)
Agglutination
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Antibody binds to active site of toxin and inactivates it
Neutralization
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pure antibody preparations produced from a B cell clone used in clinical applications
Monoclonal antibodies
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T cells stimulated by antigen
Leads to lysis of virus infected cells or cancer cells
Elevation of immune response
Cell-Mediated immune response
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T Cell receptors bind to antigen-MHC protein complex to form clones
Clonal selection of T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells
CD8 (lyse target cells
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Release chemicals called cytokines that amplify immune response
Helper T cells
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T Cell Activation
- Antigen Recognition & MHC restriction
- Tc Cell Receptors bind to short peptides
- Th Cell receptors bind to longer peptides
- Costimuation-signaled to contiue activation
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hormone-like glycoproteins released by activated T cells and macrophages
Cytokines
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(IL-1 IL-2) Act as costimulators of T cells and T cell proliferation
Include cell toxins and inflammatory factors
Interleukins
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These cells are required for adaptive immune responses
Mobilize immune cells and macrophages
Enhance nonspecific defenses
Helper T Cells
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Also called Killer T cells
Directly attack and kill APCs with recognzed foreign antigen/MHC complex on cell surface
Cytotoxic T cells
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Release cytokines that suppress activity of T & B cells
Involved in ending/cleaning up response
Suppressor T cells
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Release cytokines to active macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Delayed hypersensitivity cells
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Small intestinal population of T cells
Gamma-delta T cells
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Prevention of Rejection or an Organ Transplant
- Both blood group & MHC are typed to match
- Immunosuppressive Therapy
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Conditons whre the production or function of immune cells, phagoctyes or complement is impaired or abnormal
Immunodeficiencies
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Syndrome that is congenital and results from deficits in both T and B cells
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID)
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condition in which the body produces antibodies and activated cytotoxic T cells that target and destroy one's own body tissue
Autoimmune diseases
Lupus, RA,MS
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Types of Hypersensitivity
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Hypersensitivity where contact with allergen sensitizes individual; second contact results in swelling
Type I (Anaphylaxis)
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Hypersensitivity mediated by IgG & IgM
Subacute
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Slower to appear, 1-3 days, mediated by T cells
allergic contact dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivity.
type 4 reactions
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