Radl 70 cell biology

a thick viscousm, suspension substance that constitutes the physical basis of all living activities

• assimilation
• growth
• motility
• secretion
• irritability
• reproduction

one

many types of cells

• groups of cells that perform the same activity
• epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

• groups of tissues that perform a specialized function
• stomach- composed primarily of epithelial and muscle tissue

• a system
• GI or respiratory system

a person or bird

• carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen

• salts
• water
• minerals

both

80%

• helps hold and transport substances in the cell
• chemical activities take place in the cell
• helps maintain constant temperature
• w/o water, cells would be vulnerable to extreme changes in temperature

• by osmosis
• amount determined by osmotic pressure
• osmotic pressure determined by the concentration of mineral salts inside or outside of cell

• too much- cell ruptures
• too little- cell collapes

will cause water to be pulled outside the cell causing collapse

a solution that causes a cell to shirnk

a solution that causes a cell to swell

having an osmotic pressure equal to that of circulating blood

• minerals prevent cramping
• salts aide in the production of energy and the conduction of nerve impulses

• proteins
• lipids
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids

• macromolecules-polymers
• large molecules formed by joining together simple units known as monomers into a long chain
• building block of a cell

15%

• structure of skin
• bone
• tendons
• ligaments
• hair
• silk
• collagen

• building new tissue
• repair injured or broken down tissue
• intercellular messengers
• composition of enzymes

large protein molecules that control the speed of most chemical reactions inside the cell

• basic composition of proteins
• about 80 are found, 20 are essential to humans

resistant

too much water can rupture cell

• fats
• make up about 2% of a cell
• excess energy is stored for later use

sugar molecules, from which cells usually get their energy, are converted into lipids for storage if not needed for current use

• no
• but are in alcohol, ether, oil and chloroform

• those stored in the inside the cell for energy
• those used to form the cell membranes as a thermal cushion
• also for production of steriods, cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
• long chain lipids important for pigmentation such as eye color
• involved with muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction, cell reproduction, and inflammatory response

• storage of energy
• important component of cell membrane
• protection against cold and heat
• assistance in digestive process
• components of substances such as hormones

• make up about 1% of the cell
• provide most of the cell's' energy
• sugars and starches are typical carbohydrates
• stored primarily in the liver and muscles
• they release large amounts of energy when the bonds are broken through metabolism

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides

• glucose or fructose
• primary source of cell energy

• sucrose, lactose, and maltose
• not easily metabolized
• storage form of energy that can be converted to glucose and used for energy requirements

• starch, dextrin, cellulose and glycogen
• used as an energy source
• cellulose is used for structural purposes

• macromolecules
• blueprint for reproduction
• a template for protein synthesis
• transport mechanism to join materials necessary to build proteins
• control mechanism to regulate the cell's metabolism and reproduction

• dna
• rna

• cytoplasm
• nucleus

• yes
• nucleoplasm- protoplasm inside the nucleus
• cytoplasm- protoplasm outside the nucleus

• organelles
• each organelle has a function necessary for cell health and survival

• the genetic and metabolic information of the cell
• similar to the brain of the organism
• this controls how that organism functions in its environment

• nuclear envelope
• chromosomes
• nucleolus
• nuclear sap- the liquid portion of a cell nucleus

• membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• double-walled structure with a space within the walls

• RNA's
• some proteins that are incorporated into the nuclear structure

linear threads in the nucleus

• proteins and DNA
• DNA encodes the information that controls that cell's metablosim and reproduction
• DNA is considered the genetic material and serves as a template to produce an exact copy of itself used in cell division

46 (23 pairs)

• deoxyribose- sugar in the backbone
• phosphoric acid- a phosphate in the backbone
• Four introgenous bases- the actual genetic code

• adenine
• guanine
• thymine
• cystosine

• a twisted ladder
• the bases are the rungs
• the backbones are the sides

• sugar
• deoxyribose
• phosphoric acid

• the basic unit of heredity
• made up of long squences of DNA on a chromosome
• genes are found in pairs

• some govern the number of organs and limbs
• others determine heigh, skin and eye color and gender

a single spherical structure usually found in the nucleus

• composed of RNA(ribonucleic acid)
• controls protein synthesis

• similar structure to DNA
• nucleolus' sugar is ribose as opposed to deoxyribose
• the base uracil replaces thymine
• it is a single helix

• messenger RNA
• transfer RNA
• ribosomal RNA

carries the code for specific amino acid sequences from DNA to cytoplasm for protein synthesis

transfer amino acid groups to ribosome for protein synthesis

• exists in the ribosomes
• thought to assist in protein synthesis

• cytoplasm
• these functions are used in energy conversion and serves to store or release energy

the duplication of DNA, production of hormones, and converting of sugars to starches

the breaking of the carbon-hydrogen bond to release the energy of glucose

• composed of lipids and membranes
• transport proteins assist in the passage of substances through the membrane and throughout the cell

• function to synthesize proteins
• made of ribosomal RNA

• a connecting netweork between the nucleus and cytoplasm
• used to build carbohydrates and lipids and detoxification

the source of energy in the cell

yes

cardiac muscle cells

• located near the nucleus
• collect molecules produced in one part of the cell, modify, or syntesisze new molecules, package and distribute them to other parts of the cells
• analogous to the digestive system

• part of the intracellular digestive system
• break down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids and recycle them
• analogous to the stomach

• cell division of smatic cells
• each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• a cycle that has 5 phases, 4 are cell-reproduction phases

• interphase
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

• the period between cell division
• has 3 subphases

• G1
• S
• G2

the first subphase where the cell spends most of its life and where it grows

the DNA is replicated but stays attached to the centromere, a region in the middle of each chromosome

• the final subphase in which the organelles are reproduced
• spiral filaments called chromatids reproduce

• the chromatin granules of the nucleus become organized into chromosomes
• each consist of two chromatids
• chromosomes become shorter and more compact
• the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, the centriole divides, and two daughter cells move to opposite poles of the cell

• the paired chromatids arrange themselves in an equatorial plane midway between the two centrioles forming the plane
• cell division can be stopped and radiation damage can be examined under a microscope

• each daughter cell now contains the same genetic material as the parent cells
• two complete cells results from the cytoplasm's becoming separated into two parts

cell division that produces germ cells or reproductive cells

• 2 divisions
• 4 daughter cells

only half the number compared in somatic cells

• bigger nucleus
• small cytoplasm
• increase mitotic activity (division)
• in normal tissue, cells usually stick together
• some types of cancers metastasize by allowing cells to break free of the tumor site