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What 4 components are enveloped viruses made of?
- acellular
- have nucleic acid (core)
- protein coat (capsid)
- protein envelope
- *enzymes within capsid
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What are the 3 components of a naked virus?
- nucleic acid (core)
- protein coat (capsid)
- *enzymes within capsid
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What is embedded in the envelope of viruses?
spikes
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What is the alternate name for the nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) of a virus?
core
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How can viruses survive with only DNA or RNA and not both?
they infect other cells and use that cell's DNA or RNA to reproduce
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What do all living cells have in the nucleic area?
DNA and RNA (both)
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What is it that surrounds the core?
protein coat (capsid)
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What is the capsid?
protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of virus
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What are the specific organisms in which a specific virus will infect?
host range organisms
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What is viral specificity?
specific cells virus infects of host range organisms
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How does viral specificity relate to the cold virus?
- only infects epithelial cells in the nose and throat
- not harmful because epithelial cells regenerate quickly
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How does viral specificty relate to rabies?
- only infects brain cells
- brain cells dont repair, damage is permanent in survivors
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What do the hsot cells of viruses require for a virus to attach?
viral receptors in the membrane
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What are the 6 steps of naked virus replication?
- attachment (host cell receptors)
- penetration (endocytosis)
- uncoating (host cell's digestive enzymes remove coat)
- building viral parts
- release (host cell lyse)
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What step of viral replication does endocytosis occur?
penetration
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What uncoats teh virus within a host cell?
the host cell's digestive enzymes
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How is a naked virus released after replication?
the host cell lyses
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What are the 6 steps to enveloped virus replication?
- attachment (to host cell receptors)
- penetration (membrane fusion of spikes)
- uncoating (host cell's digestive enzymes remove coat)
- building viral parts
- release or "budding out" (host cell's membrane becomes viral envelope)
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How does a host cell die when an enveloped virus infects it?
the cell shrinks until it can't function
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How does an enveloped virus penetrate a host cell?
the spikes on the envelope of the virus fuse with the host cell's membrane
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What type of virus never leaves the body and why?
- proviruses
- embedded in genetic code
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What are 3 types of proviruses?
- herpes
- papilloma
- retro (HIV)
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Which 2 of the three types of proviruses are enveloped?
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What is different between a naked/enveloped virus's replication and a pro virus?
- after uncoating...
- viral DNA is inserted to host cell's nucelus
- (remains for the duration of cell's life)
- (becomes active virus when immunity drops)
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What is different between herpes virus and retro viruses?
- herpes is enveloped DNA containing pro virus
- retro viruses are enveloped RNA containing pro viruses
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What type of viruses are papilloma?
- naked
- DNA containing
- pro virus
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What are 3 possible effects of pro viruses?
- latency
- reactivation/recurrence
- cancer
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What type of cancer is papilloma virus associated with?
cervical cancer
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What is the term for a pro virus that has infected a person but shows no signs or symptoms?
latency
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What is happening during the reactivation / recurrence effect a pro virus may have?
signs /symptoms return
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What are 2 STDs associated with the papilloma pro virus?
- cervical/ penile cancer
- genital warts
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What type of pro virus is HIV?
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What type of pro virus contains reverse transcriptase?
retro virus
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What do retro viruses have that turns a host cell's RNA into DNA?
reverse transcriptase
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What are the 5 steps for how retro viruses infect cells?
- attachment (via spikes)
- penetration (membrane fusion)
- uncoating (host cell's digestive enzymes)
- reverse transcriptase turns RNA into DNA
- DNA is intergrated into host cell's nucleus
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What is the main problem involving cancer in general?
overproduction of cells
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How do viruses relate to cancer?
- viral infection affects gene of host cell's DNA for cell reproduction
- causes it to stop reproducing or over produce
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When is interferon released?
when a cell has become host to a virus
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What is the protein that alerts neighboring cells they are in danger of being infected with a virus?
interferon
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How does interferon travel to neighboring cells from the cell that made it?
- when the cell lyses due to being a host to a virus, the interferon is released along side the virus copies
- either the interferon or the virus will make it to neighboring cells first
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What do neighboring cells use to interfere with viral production?
interferon
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What are the 5 TOURCH agents?
- toxoplasma gondii
- others (ex. syphylis, HIV, 5th disease, chicken pox)
- rubella virus (german measles)
- cytomegalovirus
- herpes simplex (type 2/ gential herpes)
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What is special about TORCH agents?
they are infections that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus
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How often do emerging infectious diseases occur?
frequently
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What are diseases caused by microorganisms that are new, or changing?
emerging infectious diseases
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What is a disease that is discovered within the last 40 years?
emerging infectious disease - new
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What is a negative change in a person from a healthy state?
disease
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What type of diseases are caused by microorganisms?
infectious diseases
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What 3 things would make a disease emerging?
- if its new (within 40 yrs)
- if its changing (become treatment resistant)
- if its a recent outbreak
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What are 4 examples of new diseases and what 2 things do they have in common?
- bird flu/ swine flu/ H1N1/ avian disease
- HIV
- SARS
- Mad Cow/ v-CJD
- all viruses
- all shown up in the past 40 years
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What are 2 changing diseases and what made them change?
changed into drug resistant
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Where do emerging infectious diseases occur before they develop in people?
in animals
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What is the One Health perspective?
- emerging infectious diseases occur in animals before people
- animal care and health care communicating globally to treat emerging infectious diseases
- increased communication
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What 3 things should you do in your profession to administer the One Health perspective?
- be aware of norms
- be aware of what is abnormal
- report what is abnormal
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What is one thing that changes to make a disease an emerging infectious disease?
mutations
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