Praxis II Study Guide 1

contains labels for countries and capital cities, as well as major physical features like plains, rivers,

the shape of the earth's surface is shown by contour lines

identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals.

depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time.

a photograph of an area on earth taken from an aircraft flying overhead.

image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space.

accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.

shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes.

a useful overall picture of the world

true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance east or west of the prime meridian. The prime

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator. The equator is an

an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole between Russia and

are great divisions of land on the globe

are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents

are large bodies of salt water

are large, natural streams of fresh water.

bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land.

rows or chains of mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountain range, along India's northern

a large, flat area that rises above the surrounding land

an elongated depression in the earth's surface, usually between ranges of hills or mountains.

an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.

a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow

a level and rolling treeless plain in artic and sub-artic regions with black mucky soil with permanently

- a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush.

a large area of land covered with grasses.

a large, dry, barren region.

an area of land which is completely surrounded by water.

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America. The largest is Asia.

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic (Southern). The largest is the Pacific.

Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of

Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria

Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and

name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula

- with 56 countries, the second-largest continent (after Asia), located south of Europe and bordered to the

The Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950's and the 1960's.

consists of the African countries located south of the Sahara desert.

extreme racial segregation was practiced by the white minority who controlled the government.

Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S.

he Caribbean Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the West Indies to the north and east, South

third largest continent, comprising Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America:

Mexico's northern border is the United States, to the west, the Pacific Ocean and to the east, the Gulf of

a Constitution-based Federal Republic with a strong democratic tradition.

the southern most part of the North American continent, lying between Mexico and South

Western European democratic governments: Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium,

the former Eastern Bloc, or Communist Europe.

countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia.

after WWII, Japan became a powerhouse unexpectedly.

Both these societies were anticommunist and had a parliament, however the government was run by one dominant

After WWII, the Soviets and Americans divided Korea into North Korea and South Korea.

The people's republic of China is the largest communist population in the world.

- countries include: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh, Kyrgystan, Pakistan,

has become a modern Islamic republic and a major regional power, having nuclear bomb capabilities. It is

was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban

has a republic, authoritarian presidential rule.

has a republic authoritarian presidential rule.

is a republic.

has an Islamic theocratic republic.

has a parliamentary democracy.

has become the world's largest democracy and also a nuclear power.

a geographical subdivision of Asia which includes the following nations: Burma, Cambodia,

the islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia and

a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.

because the Earth is closer to the Sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the

occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly

in the Northern Hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23

In the Northern Hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22

the Earth's tilt is sideways toward the Sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both

is a region's usual long-term weather patterns. Average temperatures, amounts and kinds of precipitation,

the short-term state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. Weather involves temperature, air

water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. Floods are commonly caused by

periods of time when less rain than normal falls in an area. During droughts, crops fail and dried out soil

have a significant effect on plant, animal and human life. Snow increases the reflection of solar

tremors of the Earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which result from shock waves

heory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Plates

Mountain ranges are thought to form from tectonic plates colliding together and pushing the surface of the Earth

The Grand Canyon is a 5,000 foot deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River, in

Located in California, Yosemite is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls. Yosemite valley was created

occur in rural areas

tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which

generally found located around ports, harbors and roads

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - an international organization, formed in 1949, which includes the

The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Originally 32

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to

A nation in which the average income is much lower than in industrialized/developed nations,

Canada - largest trading partner with the United States. 20% of all U.S. international trade.

In the U.S., about a million acres of farmland (an area half the size of

human-initiated fires for land clearing and land use can quickly develop into large-scale and

Most water pollution is the result of human activities

There are three methods of handling solid waste: burying, recycling, and burning.

In 1986, an explosion in a nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst nuclear accident ever. Large

the transformation of arable, or habitable, land into desert, as by a change in climate, or by

there are two methods of logging: clear-cutting and selective cutting.

the process by which weathered particles are moved to another location.

the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else.

the term attached to the belief that the Earth's temperature is gradually increasing due to the

the ozone "hole" is a periodic depletion of the ozone layer that occurs over Antarctica in the

A natural resource is anything in the environment that is used by people.

any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished

natural resources that are not replaced in a useful time frame. As nonrenewable resources

An ecosystem is a collection of living things and the environment in which they live.

the Industrial revolution was a rapid industrial growth that began in

The Middle East is the region in western Asia and northeast Africa that

Looking at a map of North Korea and North Vietnam, you will notice that they are both right next to communist

In the 1800's, the newly built railroad trains brought merchants, miners, ranchers, and farmers from the settled East

is the period of time before people began writing.

The beginning of history can be traced back before the first human beings appeared about 3 billion years ago.

the name given to the Old Stone Age and the time period where most of human pre-history took place.

similar bone structure to us today. Probably our direct ancestors.

In Europe, another human species lived and adapted to life in the cold climates of the last Ice Age.

(wise man), became dominant. They made tools from stone and

the period of time about 10,000 B.C., also called the New Stone Age.

means between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers meet in southern Iraq.

Western writing first developed here in 3500 B.C. Writing was done with sticks on clay

a king in ancient Mesopotamia who was known for putting 282 laws of his country into a

3000 B.C. First city-states - each city acted as a state with its own special gods or goddesses, its own

soldiers fought mainly on foot, some rode in chariots drawn by wild donkeys.

Sumerians built temples to worship the gods. Slaves taken captive in war were

- brick makers fired bricks in kilns to produce building materials for structures that were

King of Macedonia,Alexander the Great joined to help defeat the Persians that Athens and Sparta had been fighting together 490 - 479.

rich and cultured, astronomers, mathematics, thinkers, writers, artists, society with slaves.

Best Army, economy based on slave workers, no democracy, sports encouraged for both boys and girls, boys

Rome rose to power thanks to its fertile farmland, its army (best in Europe) and its key position in the

The Romans believed in many of the Gods the Greeks did but gave them Latin names.

At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain in the west to Mesopotamia in the east. At its largest,

In the end, not even the Roman army could control such a huge empire. The

means peace and submission. There is one God, Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet. People called

The first monotheistic (one-God) religion. Jews believe that Moses' prophecies are true and the Messiah

- Christians believe that there is one God and Jesus Christ was his son, a prophet. Jesus is called Christ

ancient India's first great religion. No unified systems of beliefs or ideas. There's only one supreme God

republic in southeast Asia, capital is New Delhi.

a division in society into groups of higher power and lower power socially.

religion of India that emphasizes freedom from the material world thru

A religion, founded by Buddha, that believes that the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping

500 BC, a scholar named Confucius taught a system of "right behavior" which has influenced

a religion native to China, its adherents attempt to live according to the Tao - the "way" which

In theory, the emperor owned all the land and gave portions of the land to his leading nobles in

Shinto means the way of the gods and was the traditional religion of Japan.

the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping gods, but in right thinking and selfdenial.

For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns.

he male ruler of the Japanese empire.

Japanese soldiers who served the land owned by the lords (daimyos).

Africa south of the Sarah desert, the countries not part of North Africa. Also known as Black

Central America, biggest cities were in modern day Guatemala (south of Mexico), most powerful from

North America / Mexico. 1300 - 1520 They had two main cities, Tenochtitlan (Mexico city today) and Tlatelco. These two cities had a population of half

1300'

was the way of life that governed Medieval Europe for hundreds of years during the 9th century.

1331 - 1430 A popular name for the bubonic plague and one of the greatest medical disasters in

allowed European sailors to carry muskets, pistols, and small artillery pieces that they could

was born in Venice, Italy. He was a Venetian merchant and adventurer who

sailed around the world in 1519 - 1522, sailed around the tip of South America,

Columbus proposed to the Spanish government, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Renaissance means "rebirth" or "reawakening",in the early 1300's, a cultural and intellectual revival began in parts of southern Europe, especially

1452 - 1446, was a great Renaissance painter (the Mona Lisa) and an engineer (tried to make

472 - 1564, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who influenced

outstandingly versatile, well-rounded person.

1833

an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts.

a Scottish mechanic, developed the first cost-effective steam engine that changed the textile and coal mining

1789 - 1799The French helped America with the American Revolution causing them to go bankrupt.

American political philosopher, expressed negative opinions about African Americans and

an 18 century French philosopher who believed that in the state of nature, people are good but that they

a 17 century philosopher who argued that the government should depend on the consent of the

an intellectual movement of the 17 and 18 centuries marked by a celebration of the

During the end of the 1700's and first half of the 1800's, mass production of goods, goods made using machine

an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin to clean raw

when a country extends its power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by

1914-1918 In the late 19 century, rivalry between different nations in Europe increased. They competed with each other for

During World War I, Russia was allied with France and Britain. The Russian armies suffered defeats on the

1810 to 1823.They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice

The end of WWI in 1918 left devastation across large areas of Europe and many countries were in economic chaosWhen the prices fell in October of 1929, people rushed to sell their stocks, but prices fell even further.

rose to power in the 1930's promising the suffering German people to make their

In 1920 there were 23 governments in Europe that could be considered democratic and by 1939, right before WWII,

In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional governmentFrom 1921 until his death in 1924, Lenin tried to modernize the Soviet Union along Marxist lines..

In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional government.

began to modernize the Soviet Union with a 5-year plan. He tried to transform the USSR

a system of government that flourished in GerBoth communism and fascism are forms of Totalitarianism

described his rule as Totalitarian, a 20 century form of dictatorship in which the regime, using modern

The Nazi regime began to act against the Jews because they considered them the "undesirables".

During the 1930's, increased imperial aggression by Europe and America and the effects of the Great Depression

Truly a global war which was waged over 2/3 of the entire planet

12 million victims, 6 million Jewish and 6 million non-Jewish, were killed in the German campaign of racial

was a political war between USSR and its communist allies against the United States and other

After WWII, U.S., France and Britain formed the German Federal Republic (Western Germany) and the USSR

Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991

called for economic reform and a greater emphasis on human rights throughout Eastern Europe.

The international spread of Capitalism in recent decades across national boundaries and with minimal restrictions by

the positive effects of atomic power are the possibility of obtaining energy from fusion/fission

the positive effects are that it shortened WWII and saved Allies lives. The negative side is that it

in order to send radio signals around the Earth, scientists developed communications satellites.

In the last 30 years, computers have revolutionized almost every aspect of modern-day life..

maintaining business relationships and selling info, service, and commodities by means of computer

the latest advances in technology use light instead of waves to transmit information. Glass fiber optic

the race to space started during the cold war when USSR and the US competed with each other to put

scientists have recently "cracked the genetic code" of the human genome, after an

Columbus hits island off coast of North America.

England's Cabot claims New World

American Natives, Iroquois, unite in Northeast. Plains Indians use horses to follow buffalo herds.

Spain's Ponce de Leon claims Florida and parts of the southwest

Verrazano establishes a French claim in North America

Virginia becomes first English colony

Hudson discovers Hudson river, NY, CT, NJ, and Delaware.

Pilgrims sign Mayflower Contract describing how they will be governed in Massachusetts.

13 English colonies

Benjamin Franklin tries to unite the colonies under the Albany Plan to provide an inter-colonial government

Boone explores Kentucky

Boston Tea party

Quakers establish first anti-slavery group

American Revolution

Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation

Cornwallis surrenders

Constitution of U.S. and Bill of Rights

First President of U.S., George Washington

Whitney's cotton gin

Louisiana Purchase

Marbury v. Madison establishes judicial review

Lewis and Clark expedition

war of 1812, Britain v. U.S.

Democratic party arose

Monroe Doctrine

Manifest Destiny

Gold discovered in California, first women's movement meeting, Mexican war

Harriet Tubman escapes slavery

Fugitive Slave Act

Dred Scott decision

First Republican President Lincoln

Civil War begins at Fort Sumter

Emancipation Proclamation

Civil war ends when General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, Pres. Lincoln assassinated

Amendments 13 passed to protect African Americans

Spanish- American war

Panama Canal connects Atlantic with the Pacific ocean

World War I

Harlem Renaissance, Prohibition, 19th amendment - women can vote

The Great Depression

Roosevelt's New Deal

World War II comes to an end with atomic bomb

Korean war

Desegregation, Brown v. Board of Ed

Vietnam War

Martin Luther King's speech

voting rights to blacks

Vietnam war ends

Berlin wall falls, end of Cold War

World Wide Web

"ancient ones" is the name given to the region where the 4 corners of Utah, Colorado,

a widely dispersed group of peoples in the Arctic region of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and

occupied Vancouver Island, the adjacent mainland and the islands of British

The Great Plains is vast, treeless grassland in the middle of our nation from the Mississippi River

Around 200BC - 500 AD, many different Native American groups lived along the

Sometime in the 1500's, 5 different Northeastern Indian tribes united, later 1 more(living in the

In 1607,Virginia became the first English colony in America.

sailed and discovered Florida and claimed it for Spain.

sailed to Mexico and in 1532 crushed the Aztec civilization.

traveled to Peru and conquered the Inca Empire. Cortez conquered South America.

made maps

first in history to sail around the world

-famous voyage to China in the late 1200's.

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

allowed white male property owners to vote.

Indians showed the Pilgrims how to plant corn, pumpkins, beans, how to hunt and fish. To give thanks for the

wanted to live in peace with the Indians, so rather than stealing their land, he offered to pay a fair

New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, centered on farming( large exports of grain).

did everything themselves: cleared field, planted, farmed the field, build house, furniture, fences.

many chores, took care of children, spun thread or yarn, sewed cloth into clothes, prepared and

neighbors, blacksmiths, carpenters, chimney sweeps, rope-makers, wheel-makers, barrel-makers,

African slaves were brought to the New World with the first colonists.

90% of colonists lived in rural areas.

There were several causes for the American Revolution: a growing sense of patriotism and national identity,

1756 - 1763 it is also called the French and Indian War which is confusing because the

The seven years war ran a huge debt for England who felt the colonists should help pay so the English parliament

forbade colonists from issuing paper money.

an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Parliament announces that they are in charge of the colonies

a tax on glass, paper, lead, and tea.

conflict between colonists and British soldiers in which four colonists were killed

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

is referred to as "the shot heard round the world" because colonial farmers just repelled the army of

wrote Common Sense where he argued for republicanism over a monarchy and colonial independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

3rd President of the United States

"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal

a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states

There were no separation of powers

he felt that the colonists should help pay the debt from the seven year war and began passing taxation

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

1st President of the United States

3rd President of the United States

printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics

"We the people of the U.S., in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,

term-6 years, number of members-100, requirements- must be 30 and a U.S. citizen for 4 years, leaders- Vice President, duties- represent each state.

must be 25, 7 years of citizenship, 2 year term, 435 members, speaker of the house, no limit on terms

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, dealing mostly with civil rights.

abolishes slavery in the U.S.

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

the highest federal court in the United States

set up a federal system, in which political authority was divided between the national government and the state governments. Provided a seperation of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government

The legislative branch of government, as described in Article I of the US Constitution, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. Primarily responsible for making laws.

organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office

supreme court case was the concept of judicial review

a social-economic system under which certain persons � known as slaves � are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Stated in 1954 that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools (5 words),

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)

territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Author of Walden who practiced ideas of transcendentalism.

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

an act to provide for an exchange of lands with lands further west

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)

the women's right to vote. The movement developed from the fight against slavery.

was a law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, providing southern

Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled that slaves were property, not people, and Congress did not have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory.

16th President of the United States

speech by Lincoln after the battle of Gettysburg

President of the Confederate States of America

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

court upheld segregation it ruled seperate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth ammendment.

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.

a conviction that various religious, ethnic, racial, and political groups should be allowed to thrive in a

a term expressing the view that immigrants to the United States have been fused or melted into a

various cultures in a society merit equal respect and scholarly interest.

the formation of labor unions, during the 1880's, for the workers to receive better treatment by

1898 war between Spain and U.S.

connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914.

was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.

site of 1st Atomic Bomb, killing 70,000+ Japanese citizens

site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanese citizens

Anyone born between 1946 and 1964, roughly.

When Kruchev tried to build nuclear bases in Cuba, the two superpowers were brought to the brink of war. This base was just 90 miles away from Florida and was a threat to the US. In 1962, President Kennedy declared a naval blockade of Cuba. In the end, Kruchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.

became a synonym for public charges of disloyalty without sufficient regard for evidence.

In 1954, McCarthy accused the army of harboring Communists and they fought back in the Army-McCarthy hearings

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

An ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism.

a system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages.

An economic and social system envisioned by the 19th century German scholar, Karl MarxIn theory, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals..

rule by the people, helps prevent rule by cruels aristocrats, modern democracies don't fight wars with each other.

a system of government which power is divided between a national government (federal) and regional government.

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating, The legislative branch creates the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.

The judicial branch decides what the laws mean. For example: The law, don't litter implies on trash being thrown outside. But it does not consider throwing away a bitten piece of food.

The Executive Branch carries out the laws. A word for this would be "execute". The only member in this group is the president of the united states of america.

a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress

the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship

a smaller group of people who differ racially or politically or religiously, or economically from a larger

an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties

generalized beliefs about what members of an identifiable group are like that operate as schemas when perceiving members of those groups

a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard. Idealism is the belief that your ideals can be achieved, often when this doesn't seem likely to others.

a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.

a hostile opinion about some person or class of persons.

to show favor or disfavor unjustly often based on prejudice and/or bias for or against a person or group of persons.

the growth of the person's ability to learn

a theory that psychology is essentially a study of external human behavior rather than internal consciousness and desires.

an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

an economic theory advocating collective ownership of factories, mines and other businesses