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Physical map
contains labels for countries and capital cities, as well as major physical features like plains, rivers,
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Topographical map
the shape of the earth's surface is shown by contour lines
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Political map
identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals.
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Weather map
depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time.
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Aerial photograph
a photograph of an area on earth taken from an aircraft flying overhead.
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Satellite image
image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space.
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Mercator map projection
accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.
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Equal-area map
shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes.
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Robinson map
a useful overall picture of the world
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Azimuthal map
true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape
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Longitude
a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance east or west of the prime meridian. The prime
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Latitude
a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator. The equator is an
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The International Dateline
an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole between Russia and
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Continents
are great divisions of land on the globe
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Oceans
are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents
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Seas
are large bodies of salt water
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Rivers
are large, natural streams of fresh water.
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Bays
bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land.
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Mountain ranges
rows or chains of mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountain range, along India's northern
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Plateau
a large, flat area that rises above the surrounding land
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Valley
an elongated depression in the earth's surface, usually between ranges of hills or mountains.
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Plains
an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.
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Ice cap
a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow
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Tundra
a level and rolling treeless plain in artic and sub-artic regions with black mucky soil with permanently
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Forest
- a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush.
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Grassland
a large area of land covered with grasses.
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Desert
a large, dry, barren region.
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Island
an area of land which is completely surrounded by water.
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7 continents
Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America. The largest is Asia.
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5 Oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic (Southern). The largest is the Pacific.
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Major Seas
Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of
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Major Rivers
Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria
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Major Mountain ranges
Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and
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Arab world
name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula
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Africa
- with 56 countries, the second-largest continent (after Asia), located south of Europe and bordered to the
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North Africa
The Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950's and the 1960's.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
consists of the African countries located south of the Sahara desert.
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Apartheid
extreme racial segregation was practiced by the white minority who controlled the government.
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Latin America
Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S.
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The Caribbean
he Caribbean Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the West Indies to the north and east, South
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North America
third largest continent, comprising Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America:
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Mexico
Mexico's northern border is the United States, to the west, the Pacific Ocean and to the east, the Gulf of
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United States
a Constitution-based Federal Republic with a strong democratic tradition.
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Central America
the southern most part of the North American continent, lying between Mexico and South
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Western Europe
Western European democratic governments: Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium,
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Eastern Europe
the former Eastern Bloc, or Communist Europe.
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East Asia
countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia.
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Japan
after WWII, Japan became a powerhouse unexpectedly.
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Taiwan and South Korea - both have developed prosperous and free societies.
Both these societies were anticommunist and had a parliament, however the government was run by one dominant
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North Korea
After WWII, the Soviets and Americans divided Korea into North Korea and South Korea.
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China
The people's republic of China is the largest communist population in the world.
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South Central Asia
- countries include: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh, Kyrgystan, Pakistan,
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Pakistan
has become a modern Islamic republic and a major regional power, having nuclear bomb capabilities. It is
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Afghanistan
was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban
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Uzbekistan
has a republic, authoritarian presidential rule.
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Kazakhstan
has a republic authoritarian presidential rule.
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Iran
has an Islamic theocratic republic.
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Bangladesh
has a parliamentary democracy.
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India
has become the world's largest democracy and also a nuclear power.
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Southeast Asia
a geographical subdivision of Asia which includes the following nations: Burma, Cambodia,
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Oceania
the islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia and
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Australia
a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.
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Seasons:
because the Earth is closer to the Sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the
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Summer Solstice
occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly
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Fall Equinox
in the Northern Hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23
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Winter Solstice
In the Northern Hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22
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Spring Equinox
the Earth's tilt is sideways toward the Sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both
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Climate
is a region's usual long-term weather patterns. Average temperatures, amounts and kinds of precipitation,
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Weather
the short-term state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. Weather involves temperature, air
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Floods
water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. Floods are commonly caused by
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Droughts
periods of time when less rain than normal falls in an area. During droughts, crops fail and dried out soil
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Snowstorms
have a significant effect on plant, animal and human life. Snow increases the reflection of solar
-
Earthquakes
tremors of the Earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which result from shock waves
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Plate Tectonics
heory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Plates
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Earthquakes create mountain ranges:
Mountain ranges are thought to form from tectonic plates colliding together and pushing the surface of the Earth
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Grand Canyon:
The Grand Canyon is a 5,000 foot deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River, in
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Yosemite Valley:
Located in California, Yosemite is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls. Yosemite valley was created
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Dispersed settlements
occur in rural areas
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Linear settlements
tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which
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Nucleated settlements
generally found located around ports, harbors and roads
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NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - an international organization, formed in 1949, which includes the
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Organization of African Unity
The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Originally 32
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OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to
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Developing nations:
A nation in which the average income is much lower than in industrialized/developed nations,
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Trade relationships:
Canada - largest trading partner with the United States. 20% of all U.S. international trade.
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Construction of houses, roads, and cities
In the U.S., about a million acres of farmland (an area half the size of
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Human-initiated fire
human-initiated fires for land clearing and land use can quickly develop into large-scale and
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Water and air pollution:
Most water pollution is the result of human activities
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Waste disposal
There are three methods of handling solid waste: burying, recycling, and burning.
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Radioactive materials' effects on the environment:
In 1986, an explosion in a nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst nuclear accident ever. Large
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Desertification
the transformation of arable, or habitable, land into desert, as by a change in climate, or by
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Logging
there are two methods of logging: clear-cutting and selective cutting.
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Erosion
the process by which weathered particles are moved to another location.
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Deforestation
the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else.
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Global warming
the term attached to the belief that the Earth's temperature is gradually increasing due to the
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Ozone-layer depletion
the ozone "hole" is a periodic depletion of the ozone layer that occurs over Antarctica in the
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Natural resources:
A natural resource is anything in the environment that is used by people.
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Renewable resource
any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished
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Nonrenewable resource
natural resources that are not replaced in a useful time frame. As nonrenewable resources
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Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a collection of living things and the environment in which they live.
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Industrial Revolution:
the Industrial revolution was a rapid industrial growth that began in
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Conflicts in the Middle East:
The Middle East is the region in western Asia and northeast Africa that
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Korea in the 1940's and 1950's and Vietnam in the 1960's and 1970's:
Looking at a map of North Korea and North Vietnam, you will notice that they are both right next to communist
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Native Americans removed from their land to fulfill the Manifest Destiny:
In the 1800's, the newly built railroad trains brought merchants, miners, ranchers, and farmers from the settled East
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Prehistory
is the period of time before people began writing.
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History beginning
The beginning of history can be traced back before the first human beings appeared about 3 billion years ago.
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Paleolithic
the name given to the Old Stone Age and the time period where most of human pre-history took place.
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Cro-Magnons
similar bone structure to us today. Probably our direct ancestors.
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Neanderthals
In Europe, another human species lived and adapted to life in the cold climates of the last Ice Age.
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Homo sapiens"
(wise man), became dominant. They made tools from stone and
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Neolithic
the period of time about 10,000 B.C., also called the New Stone Age.
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Mesopotamia
means between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers meet in southern Iraq.
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Invention of writing:
Western writing first developed here in 3500 B.C. Writing was done with sticks on clay
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Code of Hammurabi
a king in ancient Mesopotamia who was known for putting 282 laws of his country into a
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City-states
3000 B.C. First city-states - each city acted as a state with its own special gods or goddesses, its own
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Military expertise:
soldiers fought mainly on foot, some rode in chariots drawn by wild donkeys.
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Architectural monuments
Sumerians built temples to worship the gods. Slaves taken captive in war were
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Technological capabilities
- brick makers fired bricks in kilns to produce building materials for structures that were
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Alexander the Great:
King of Macedonia,Alexander the Great joined to help defeat the Persians that Athens and Sparta had been fighting together 490 - 479.
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Athens
rich and cultured, astronomers, mathematics, thinkers, writers, artists, society with slaves.
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Sparta
Best Army, economy based on slave workers, no democracy, sports encouraged for both boys and girls, boys
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Rome
Rome rose to power thanks to its fertile farmland, its army (best in Europe) and its key position in the
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Roman Mythology
The Romans believed in many of the Gods the Greeks did but gave them Latin names.
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The Roman Empire:
At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain in the west to Mesopotamia in the east. At its largest,
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The decline and fall of the Roman empire
In the end, not even the Roman army could control such a huge empire. The
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Islam
means peace and submission. There is one God, Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet. People called
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Judaism
The first monotheistic (one-God) religion. Jews believe that Moses' prophecies are true and the Messiah
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Christianity
- Christians believe that there is one God and Jesus Christ was his son, a prophet. Jesus is called Christ
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Hinduism
ancient India's first great religion. No unified systems of beliefs or ideas. There's only one supreme God
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India
republic in southeast Asia, capital is New Delhi.
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Caste system
a division in society into groups of higher power and lower power socially.
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Hinduism
religion of India that emphasizes freedom from the material world thru
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Buddhism
A religion, founded by Buddha, that believes that the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping
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Confucianism
500 BC, a scholar named Confucius taught a system of "right behavior" which has influenced
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Taoism
a religion native to China, its adherents attempt to live according to the Tao - the "way" which
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Feudalism
In theory, the emperor owned all the land and gave portions of the land to his leading nobles in
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Shintoism
Shinto means the way of the gods and was the traditional religion of Japan.
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Buddhism
the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping gods, but in right thinking and selfdenial.
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Shoguns
For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns.
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Emperors
he male ruler of the Japanese empire.
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Samurai
Japanese soldiers who served the land owned by the lords (daimyos).
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa south of the Sarah desert, the countries not part of North Africa. Also known as Black
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Mayans
Central America, biggest cities were in modern day Guatemala (south of Mexico), most powerful from
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Aztecs
North America / Mexico. 1300 - 1520 They had two main cities, Tenochtitlan (Mexico city today) and Tlatelco. These two cities had a population of half
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Feudalism
was the way of life that governed Medieval Europe for hundreds of years during the 9th century.
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The Black Death:
1331 - 1430 A popular name for the bubonic plague and one of the greatest medical disasters in
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Gunpowder weapons
allowed European sailors to carry muskets, pistols, and small artillery pieces that they could
-
Marco Polo
was born in Venice, Italy. He was a Venetian merchant and adventurer who
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Magellan
sailed around the world in 1519 - 1522, sailed around the tip of South America,
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Christopher Columbus
Columbus proposed to the Spanish government, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to
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Vasco da Gama
the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
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Renaissance
Renaissance means "rebirth" or "reawakening",in the early 1300's, a cultural and intellectual revival began in parts of southern Europe, especially
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Leonardo da Vinci
1452 - 1446, was a great Renaissance painter (the Mona Lisa) and an engineer (tried to make
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Michelangelo
472 - 1564, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who influenced
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Renaissance man
outstandingly versatile, well-rounded person.
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Slave trade abolished
1833
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Eli Whitney,
an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts.
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James Watt,
a Scottish mechanic, developed the first cost-effective steam engine that changed the textile and coal mining
-
French Revolution:
1789 - 1799The French helped America with the American Revolution causing them to go bankrupt.
-
Thomas Jefferson
American political philosopher, expressed negative opinions about African Americans and
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Rousseau
an 18 century French philosopher who believed that in the state of nature, people are good but that they
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John Locke
a 17 century philosopher who argued that the government should depend on the consent of the
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Enlightenment
an intellectual movement of the 17 and 18 centuries marked by a celebration of the
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Industrial Revolution
During the end of the 1700's and first half of the 1800's, mass production of goods, goods made using machine
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Eli Whitney,
an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin to clean raw
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Imperialism
when a country extends its power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by
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First World War
1914-1918 In the late 19 century, rivalry between different nations in Europe increased. They competed with each other for
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Russian Revolution
During World War I, Russia was allied with France and Britain. The Russian armies suffered defeats on the
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Mexican Revolution
1810 to 1823.They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice
-
Worldwide economic depression in the 1930's
The end of WWI in 1918 left devastation across large areas of Europe and many countries were in economic chaosWhen the prices fell in October of 1929, people rushed to sell their stocks, but prices fell even further.
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Adolph Hitler
rose to power in the 1930's promising the suffering German people to make their
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Rise of communism
In 1920 there were 23 governments in Europe that could be considered democratic and by 1939, right before WWII,
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Vladimir Lenin
In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional governmentFrom 1921 until his death in 1924, Lenin tried to modernize the Soviet Union along Marxist lines..
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Leon Trotsky.
In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional government.
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Stalin
began to modernize the Soviet Union with a 5-year plan. He tried to transform the USSR
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Fascism
a system of government that flourished in GerBoth communism and fascism are forms of Totalitarianism
-
Mussolini
described his rule as Totalitarian, a 20 century form of dictatorship in which the regime, using modern
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Nazism in Germany
The Nazi regime began to act against the Jews because they considered them the "undesirables".
-
Rise of Fascism in Japan
During the 1930's, increased imperial aggression by Europe and America and the effects of the Great Depression
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World War II: 1939 - 1945
Truly a global war which was waged over 2/3 of the entire planet
-
the Holocaust:
12 million victims, 6 million Jewish and 6 million non-Jewish, were killed in the German campaign of racial
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The Cold War
was a political war between USSR and its communist allies against the United States and other
-
Berlin Wall
After WWII, U.S., France and Britain formed the German Federal Republic (Western Germany) and the USSR
-
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991
-
Gorbachev
called for economic reform and a greater emphasis on human rights throughout Eastern Europe.
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A global economy:
The international spread of Capitalism in recent decades across national boundaries and with minimal restrictions by
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Atomic power
the positive effects of atomic power are the possibility of obtaining energy from fusion/fission
-
Atomic bomb
the positive effects are that it shortened WWII and saved Allies lives. The negative side is that it
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Satellites
in order to send radio signals around the Earth, scientists developed communications satellites.
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Computers, Internet and e-commerce
In the last 30 years, computers have revolutionized almost every aspect of modern-day life..
-
E-Commerce
maintaining business relationships and selling info, service, and commodities by means of computer
-
Technology
the latest advances in technology use light instead of waves to transmit information. Glass fiber optic
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Space travel:
the race to space started during the cold war when USSR and the US competed with each other to put
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Genetic manipulation
scientists have recently "cracked the genetic code" of the human genome, after an
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1492
Columbus hits island off coast of North America.
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1497
England's Cabot claims New World
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1500
American Natives, Iroquois, unite in Northeast. Plains Indians use horses to follow buffalo herds.
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1513
Spain's Ponce de Leon claims Florida and parts of the southwest
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1523 - 1524
Verrazano establishes a French claim in North America
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1607
Virginia becomes first English colony
-
1609
Hudson discovers Hudson river, NY, CT, NJ, and Delaware.
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1620
Pilgrims sign Mayflower Contract describing how they will be governed in Massachusetts.
-
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1754
Benjamin Franklin tries to unite the colonies under the Albany Plan to provide an inter-colonial government
-
1769
Boone explores Kentucky
-
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1775
Quakers establish first anti-slavery group
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1775 - 1783
American Revolution
-
1776
Declaration of Independence
-
1777
Articles of Confederation
-
1781
Cornwallis surrenders
-
1787
Constitution of U.S. and Bill of Rights
-
1789
First President of U.S., George Washington
-
1793
Whitney's cotton gin
-
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1803
Marbury v. Madison establishes judicial review
-
1804
Lewis and Clark expedition
-
1812
war of 1812, Britain v. U.S.
-
1820
Democratic party arose
-
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1848
Gold discovered in California, first women's movement meeting, Mexican war
-
1849 -
Harriet Tubman escapes slavery
-
-
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1860
First Republican President Lincoln
-
1861
Civil War begins at Fort Sumter
-
1863
Emancipation Proclamation
-
1865
Civil war ends when General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, Pres. Lincoln assassinated
-
1865
Amendments 13 passed to protect African Americans
-
1898
Spanish- American war
-
1904 - 1914
Panama Canal connects Atlantic with the Pacific ocean
-
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1920's
Harlem Renaissance, Prohibition, 19th amendment - women can vote
-
1928 - 1940
The Great Depression
-
1930's
Roosevelt's New Deal
-
1945
World War II comes to an end with atomic bomb
-
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1954
Desegregation, Brown v. Board of Ed
-
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1963
Martin Luther King's speech
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1965
voting rights to blacks
-
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1989
Berlin wall falls, end of Cold War
-
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Anasazi (cliff dwellers)
"ancient ones" is the name given to the region where the 4 corners of Utah, Colorado,
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Inuit's (Eskimos)
a widely dispersed group of peoples in the Arctic region of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and
-
Northwest Indians (Kwakiutl)
occupied Vancouver Island, the adjacent mainland and the islands of British
-
Plains Indians
The Great Plains is vast, treeless grassland in the middle of our nation from the Mississippi River
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The Mound Builders
Around 200BC - 500 AD, many different Native American groups lived along the
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Iroquois
Sometime in the 1500's, 5 different Northeastern Indian tribes united, later 1 more(living in the
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Virginia
In 1607,Virginia became the first English colony in America.
-
Ponce de Leon
sailed and discovered Florida and claimed it for Spain.
-
Cortez
sailed to Mexico and in 1532 crushed the Aztec civilization.
-
Pizarro
traveled to Peru and conquered the Inca Empire. Cortez conquered South America.
-
Amerigo Vespucci
made maps
-
Ferdinand Magellan
first in history to sail around the world
-
Marco Polo
-famous voyage to China in the late 1200's.
-
Captain John Smith
Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
-
House of Burgesses
allowed white male property owners to vote.
-
Pilgrims/ Massachusetts
Indians showed the Pilgrims how to plant corn, pumpkins, beans, how to hunt and fish. To give thanks for the
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William Penn
wanted to live in peace with the Indians, so rather than stealing their land, he offered to pay a fair
-
Middle colonies
New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, centered on farming( large exports of grain).
-
Colonial men
did everything themselves: cleared field, planted, farmed the field, build house, furniture, fences.
-
Colonial women
many chores, took care of children, spun thread or yarn, sewed cloth into clothes, prepared and
-
Colonial Towns
neighbors, blacksmiths, carpenters, chimney sweeps, rope-makers, wheel-makers, barrel-makers,
-
Slaves
African slaves were brought to the New World with the first colonists.
-
Colonial culture
90% of colonists lived in rural areas.
-
The American Revolution 1775-1783
There were several causes for the American Revolution: a growing sense of patriotism and national identity,
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The Seven Years War
1756 - 1763 it is also called the French and Indian War which is confusing because the
-
Sugar Act of 1764
The seven years war ran a huge debt for England who felt the colonists should help pay so the English parliament
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The Currency Act
forbade colonists from issuing paper money.
-
Stamp Act
an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
-
Declaratory Act
Parliament announces that they are in charge of the colonies
-
the Townsend Acts
a tax on glass, paper, lead, and tea.
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Boston Massacre-March 5, 1770
conflict between colonists and British soldiers in which four colonists were killed
-
Boston Tea Party
demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
-
The Battle of Concord
is referred to as "the shot heard round the world" because colonial farmers just repelled the army of
-
Thomas Paine
wrote Common Sense where he argued for republicanism over a monarchy and colonial independence
-
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
-
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States
-
quote from the Declaration of Independence:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal
-
Articles of Confederation
a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states
-
Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation
There were no separation of powers
-
King George
he felt that the colonists should help pay the debt from the seven year war and began passing taxation
-
John Adams
America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
-
George Washington
1st President of the United States
-
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States
-
Benjamin Franklin
printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics
-
The Constitution and the addition of The Bill of Rights:
"We the people of the U.S., in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
-
Senate
term-6 years, number of members-100, requirements- must be 30 and a U.S. citizen for 4 years, leaders- Vice President, duties- represent each state.
-
House of Representatives
must be 25, 7 years of citizenship, 2 year term, 435 members, speaker of the house, no limit on terms
-
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
-
The Bill of Rights:
the first ten amendments to the Constitution, dealing mostly with civil rights.
-
13th Amendment
abolishes slavery in the U.S.
-
14th Amendment
1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts
-
15th Amendment
citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
-
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
-
Supreme Court
the highest federal court in the United States
-
The Constitution
set up a federal system, in which political authority was divided between the national government and the state governments. Provided a seperation of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government
-
Congress
The legislative branch of government, as described in Article I of the US Constitution, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. Primarily responsible for making laws.
-
Political parties
organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office
-
Marbury v. Madison
supreme court case was the concept of judicial review
-
Slavery
a social-economic system under which certain persons � known as slaves � are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services
-
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
-
Brown vs. Board of Education
Stated in 1954 that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools (5 words),
-
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
-
Martin Luther King
United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)
-
Westward expansion
territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains
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Louisiana Purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
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Lewis and Clark expedition
an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States
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Manifest Destiny
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
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Henry David Thoreau
Author of Walden who practiced ideas of transcendentalism.
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Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
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Removal act of 1830
an act to provide for an exchange of lands with lands further west
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Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
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abolition
the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)
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women's suffrage
the women's right to vote. The movement developed from the fight against slavery.
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Fugitive Slave Act
was a law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, providing southern
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The Dred Scott decision
Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled that slaves were property, not people, and Congress did not have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory.
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Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States
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The Gettysburg Address
speech by Lincoln after the battle of Gettysburg
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Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
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Frederick Douglass
United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
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William Lloyd Garrison
United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
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Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)
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John Brown
abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
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Plessy v. Ferguson:
court upheld segregation it ruled seperate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth ammendment.
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Andrew Carnegie
United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)
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John D. Rockefeller
Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
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J.P. Morgan
an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
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Pluralism
a conviction that various religious, ethnic, racial, and political groups should be allowed to thrive in a
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Melting Pot
a term expressing the view that immigrants to the United States have been fused or melted into a
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Multiculturalism
various cultures in a society merit equal respect and scholarly interest.
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Labor movement
the formation of labor unions, during the 1880's, for the workers to receive better treatment by
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Spanish-American War
1898 war between Spain and U.S.
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Panama Canal
connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914.
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Elizabeth Stanton
was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.
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Hiroshima
site of 1st Atomic Bomb, killing 70,000+ Japanese citizens
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Nagasaki
site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanese citizens
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The baby boom
Anyone born between 1946 and 1964, roughly.
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The Cuban missile Crisis:
When Kruchev tried to build nuclear bases in Cuba, the two superpowers were brought to the brink of war. This base was just 90 miles away from Florida and was a threat to the US. In 1962, President Kennedy declared a naval blockade of Cuba. In the end, Kruchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.
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McCarthyism
became a synonym for public charges of disloyalty without sufficient regard for evidence.
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Black lists
In 1954, McCarthy accused the army of harboring Communists and they fought back in the Army-McCarthy hearings
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Affirmative action
a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
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Civil Rights movement
movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
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Environmentalism
An ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism.
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Feudalism
a system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages.
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Communism
An economic and social system envisioned by the 19th century German scholar, Karl MarxIn theory, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals..
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Liberal Democracy
rule by the people, helps prevent rule by cruels aristocrats, modern democracies don't fight wars with each other.
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Federalism
a system of government which power is divided between a national government (federal) and regional government.
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Democracy
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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Theocracy
a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
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Legislative Branch
the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating, The legislative branch creates the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.
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Judicial Branch
The judicial branch decides what the laws mean. For example: The law, don't litter implies on trash being thrown outside. But it does not consider throwing away a bitten piece of food.
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Executive Branch
The Executive Branch carries out the laws. A word for this would be "execute". The only member in this group is the president of the united states of america.
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Electoral college
a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress
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Naturalization
the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship
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Minority
a smaller group of people who differ racially or politically or religiously, or economically from a larger
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Ethnicity
an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties
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Stereotypes
generalized beliefs about what members of an identifiable group are like that operate as schemas when perceiving members of those groups
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Ideals
a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard. Idealism is the belief that your ideals can be achieved, often when this doesn't seem likely to others.
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Biases
a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.
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Prejudice
a hostile opinion about some person or class of persons.
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Discrimination
to show favor or disfavor unjustly often based on prejudice and/or bias for or against a person or group of persons.
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Cognitive development
the growth of the person's ability to learn
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Behavioralism
a theory that psychology is essentially a study of external human behavior rather than internal consciousness and desires.
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Capitalism
an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit
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Socialism
an economic theory advocating collective ownership of factories, mines and other businesses
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