-
the movement of air into and out of lungs:
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
-
gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs:
external respiration (oxygen loading & carbon dioxide unloading)
-
transport of respiratory gases between the lungs & tissue cells of the body using blood as the transort vehicle:
transport of respiratory gases
-
exchange of gases to & from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation:
internal respiration (oxygen unloading & carbon dioxide loading)
-
air generally passes into the respiratory tract through the__ and enters the __:
external nares (nostrils); nasal cavity
-
increases air turbulence:
inferior, superior and middle nasal conchae
-
as the air passes through the nasal cavity, its warmed, moistened & filtered by the:
nasal mucosa
-
act as a resonance chamber in speech:
paranasal sinuses
-
nasal passages are seperated from the oral cavity by:
- anteriorly - hard palate
- posteriorly - soft palate
-
connects the nasal & oral cavities to the larynx & esophagus:
pharynx
-
3 parts of the pharynx:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
-
lies posterior to the nasal cavity, lies above the soft palate and only serves as an air passage:
nasopharynx
-
lies posterior to the oral cavity, extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly and serves as a common conduit for food and air:
oropharynx
-
extends to the larynx, where the common pathway divides into the respiratory & digestive channels; accomodates both ingested food & air:
laryngopharynx
-
forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow; a flaplike elastic cartilage"
epiglottis
-
mucous membrane of the larynx; vibrate with expelled air for speech:
vocal folds or true vocal cords
-
slitlike passageway between the vocal folds:
glottis
-
inside the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into smaller & smaller branches finally becoming:
bronchioles
-
bronchioles have terminal branches called:
respiratory bronchioles
-
the continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in the lungs is often referred to as:
respiratory tree
-
respiratory bronchioles subdivide into:
alveolar ducts
-
tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs; are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium:
alveoli
-
the alveolar & capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form the:
respiratory membrane
-
gas exchange occurs between:
alveoli & pulmonary capillaries
-
gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane by:
simple diffusion
-
each lung is enclosed in a double-layered serous membrane sac called:
pleura
-
produce lubricating serous fluid that causes them to adhere closely to one another, holding the lungs to the thoracic wall & allows them to move easily against one other during the movements of breathing:
pleural layers
-
pulmonary ventilation consists of 2 phases:
inspiration & expiration
-
demonstrates the principles involved as gas flows into & out of the lungs:
model lung
-
thorax of the model lung:
bottle
-
diaphragm of the model lung:
rubber membrane
-
lungs of the model lungs:
balloon
-
measures respiratory volumes:
spirometer
-
parts of a wet spirometer:
- volume indicator scale
- drum retainer
- floating bell
- water tank
- valve assembly
-
volume of air inhaled & exhaled with each normal respiration:
- TV or tidal volume
- avg value: 500 mL
-
the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration:
- ERV or expiratory reserve volume
- avg value: 700 - 1200 mL
-
total exchangeable air of the lungs:
- VC or vital capacity
- avg value: 4500 mL
-
volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration:
- IRV or inspiratory reserve volume
- avg value: 1900 - 3100 mL
-
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort:
- RV or residual volume
- avg value: 1200 mL
-
provides the body with the nutrients essential for health & the organs of this system ingest, digest & absorb food & eliminate the undigested remains as feces:
digestive system
-
chewing, churning:
physical or mechanical digestion
-
enzymatic hydrolysis:
chemical digestion
-
digested end products then pass through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood to be distributed to the body cells:
absorption
-
2 major groups of the digestive system:
- alimentary canal or GI tract
- accessory digestive organs
-
consist of the mouth, pharynx, espophagus, stomach, small & large intestines and anus:
alimentary canal
-
consist of the teeth & salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas:
accessory digestive organs
-
4 tunics of the GI tract:
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
-
major functions are secretion of enzymes, mucus, hormones, etc, absorption of digested foodstuffs and protection against bacterial invasion:
mucosa (mucous membrane)
-
major functions are nutrition and protection; has alot of blood vessels:
submucosa
-
major regulator of GI motility (food pushed from 1 end to another):
muscularis externa
-
lubricating serous fluid produced by the serosa reduces friction as the GI tract organs work & slide across one another & the cavity walls:
serosa
-
temporary storage region for food as well as a site for food breakdown:
stomach
-
churn, mix and pummel food:
physical digestion
-
secrete hydrocloric acid & hydrolytic enzymes:
chemical digestion
-
resembles a creamy mass; enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter:
chyme
-
extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach:
esophagus
-
a common passageway for food, fluid & air:
pharynx
-
nearly all food absorption occurs in:
the small intestine
-
major function is to compact and propel the fecal matter toward the anus & to eliminate it from the body:
large intestine
-
provides a site for intestinal bacteria to manufacture some vitamins (B & K), which then absorbs into the bloodstream and reclaims most of the remaining water from undigested flood, thus conserving body water:
large intestine
-
initial set of teeth, appears between 6 months & 2 1/2 years:
deciduous or milk teeth
-
second set of teeth:
permanent teeth
-
a mixture of mucus, which moistens the food & helps to bind it together into a mass & a clear serous fluid containing the enzyme salivary amylase:
saliva
-
begins the digestion of starch:
salivary amylase
-
function is to produce bile; bile has no enzymes but it breaks up large fat particles into smaller ones:
liver
-
a small, green sac on the inferior surface of the liver; bile is stored there until needed for the digestive process:
gallbladder
-
produces a whole variety of hydrolytic enzymes, which it secretes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum; its juice is very alkaline:
pancreas
-
large protein molecules produced by the body cells that act as a biologic catalyst:
enzymes
-
molecules on which proteins act:
substrates
-
the specimens or standards against which experimental samples are compared:
controls
-
glands in the stomach wall secrete gastric juice, which mixes w/food particles:
during gastric digestion
-
hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin:
gastic juice
-
at body temp (37C) & in the presence of hydrochloric acid:
pepsin reduces proteins into amino acids
-
enzymes trypsin & lipase:
pancreatic juice
-
proteins are broken down into amino acids by:
trypsin
-
fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by:
lipase
-
amino acids and fatty acids can be absorbed into the body through:
the lining of the small intestine
-
why is the water bath temp set to 37-40C?
to simulate body temperature
-
how does pH affect the efficiency of pepsin?
reduces protein into amino acids
-
what is the product of starch digestion:
glucose
-
diaphragm down - contracted:
- volume increased
- pressure decreased
- air flows in
- diaphragm is flat line (depressed)
-
diaphragm up - relaxed:
- volume decreased
- pressure increased
- air flows out
- diaphragm is elevated ( dome shape)
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