Chpt 23 24 & 25.txt

the movement of air into and out of lungs:

gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs:

transport of respiratory gases between the lungs & tissue cells of the body using blood as the transort vehicle:

exchange of gases to & from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation:

air generally passes into the respiratory tract through the__ and enters the __:

increases air turbulence:

as the air passes through the nasal cavity, its warmed, moistened & filtered by the:

act as a resonance chamber in speech:

nasal passages are seperated from the oral cavity by:

connects the nasal & oral cavities to the larynx & esophagus:

3 parts of the pharynx:

lies posterior to the nasal cavity, lies above the soft palate and only serves as an air passage:

lies posterior to the oral cavity, extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly and serves as a common conduit for food and air:

extends to the larynx, where the common pathway divides into the respiratory & digestive channels; accomodates both ingested food & air:

forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow; a flaplike elastic cartilage"

mucous membrane of the larynx; vibrate with expelled air for speech:

slitlike passageway between the vocal folds:

inside the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into smaller & smaller branches finally becoming:

bronchioles have terminal branches called:

the continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in the lungs is often referred to as:

respiratory bronchioles subdivide into:

tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs; are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium:

the alveolar & capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form the:

gas exchange occurs between:

gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane by:

each lung is enclosed in a double-layered serous membrane sac called:

produce lubricating serous fluid that causes them to adhere closely to one another, holding the lungs to the thoracic wall & allows them to move easily against one other during the movements of breathing:

pulmonary ventilation consists of 2 phases:

demonstrates the principles involved as gas flows into & out of the lungs:

thorax of the model lung:

diaphragm of the model lung:

lungs of the model lungs:

measures respiratory volumes:

parts of a wet spirometer:

volume of air inhaled & exhaled with each normal respiration:

the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration:

total exchangeable air of the lungs:

volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration:

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort:

provides the body with the nutrients essential for health & the organs of this system ingest, digest & absorb food & eliminate the undigested remains as feces:

chewing, churning:

enzymatic hydrolysis:

digested end products then pass through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood to be distributed to the body cells:

2 major groups of the digestive system:

consist of the mouth, pharynx, espophagus, stomach, small & large intestines and anus:

consist of the teeth & salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas:

4 tunics of the GI tract:

major functions are secretion of enzymes, mucus, hormones, etc, absorption of digested foodstuffs and protection against bacterial invasion:

major functions are nutrition and protection; has alot of blood vessels:

major regulator of GI motility (food pushed from 1 end to another):

lubricating serous fluid produced by the serosa reduces friction as the GI tract organs work & slide across one another & the cavity walls:

temporary storage region for food as well as a site for food breakdown:

churn, mix and pummel food:

secrete hydrocloric acid & hydrolytic enzymes:

resembles a creamy mass; enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter:

extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach:

a common passageway for food, fluid & air:

nearly all food absorption occurs in:

major function is to compact and propel the fecal matter toward the anus & to eliminate it from the body:

provides a site for intestinal bacteria to manufacture some vitamins (B & K), which then absorbs into the bloodstream and reclaims most of the remaining water from undigested flood, thus conserving body water:

initial set of teeth, appears between 6 months & 2 1/2 years:

second set of teeth:

a mixture of mucus, which moistens the food & helps to bind it together into a mass & a clear serous fluid containing the enzyme salivary amylase:

begins the digestion of starch:

function is to produce bile; bile has no enzymes but it breaks up large fat particles into smaller ones:

a small, green sac on the inferior surface of the liver; bile is stored there until needed for the digestive process:

produces a whole variety of hydrolytic enzymes, which it secretes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum; its juice is very alkaline:

large protein molecules produced by the body cells that act as a biologic catalyst:

molecules on which proteins act:

the specimens or standards against which experimental samples are compared:

glands in the stomach wall secrete gastric juice, which mixes w/food particles:

hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin:

at body temp (37C) & in the presence of hydrochloric acid:

enzymes trypsin & lipase:

proteins are broken down into amino acids by:

fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by:

amino acids and fatty acids can be absorbed into the body through:

why is the water bath temp set to 37-40C?

how does pH affect the efficiency of pepsin?

what is the product of starch digestion:

diaphragm down - contracted:

diaphragm up - relaxed: