Cell Biology & Genetics

• More complex & larger than prokaryotes
• Most exist as part of a more complex multicellular organism
• Have nucleus

Lack a cell nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

• Rich protein fluid
• Gel like consistency
• Houses organelles

• Condensed DNA of a cell
• Contains genes & genetic blueprints for protein formation

• Small membrane bound sacs within cytoplasm
• Transport proteins in or out of cell

Types of Vesicles: vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Small, circular portions of DNA not associated with nuceloid

• "little organs"
• Each serves unique function within cell

Amphipathic

Aquaporins

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure exerted by a liquid

• A measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
• (Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic)

Solutes entering body cells against concentration gradients thus requiring energy

Cilia

• Move an entire cell in forward motion with tail
• Only example in human body is sperm cell’s tail

• Site of protein synthesis
• Manufacture proteins for cell from RNA messages
• Small free floating bodies within cytoplasm

• Moves proteins from one part of a cell to another
• Moves proteins to outside of a cell (secretion)

• Continuous membrane folded into sacs
• Extends from nuclear envelope (membrane around nucleus) throughout cytoplasm
• Contains ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)

• Extends from Rough ER to form network membrane tubules
• Does NOT have ribosomes
• Synthesize fatty acids & steroids (estrogen & testosterone)
• Detox drugs, alcohol, carcinogens

• Flattened membrane sacs (look like pita bread)
• UPS center
• Modify, sort, & package proteins into vesicles for transport to different destinations

Small flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resemble stack pita bread sac

Storage unit of cell

• Membranen enclosed vesicles
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Recycle worn-out cell structures

degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery

Process where lysosomal enzymes destroy the entire cell that contains them

• An enzyme that contains sacs that break down organic materials
• Abundant in liver (detox alcohol)
• Similar in structure to lysosomes but smaller

Destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins continuously

• Powerhouse of the cell generating most of the ATP thru aerobic respiration
• Large, kidney-bean shaped
• Have own DNA inherited only by mother

• Series of folds located in inner membrane of the mitochondria
• Site of ATP production
• Enzymes on cristae convert sugar into ATP

Microtubules

Matrix

• Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Both membranes are lipid bilayers

• Openings that extend thru the nuclear envelope
• Each nuclear pore consists of proteins
• Controls the movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm

• Cellulose containing cell wall helps give plants cell rigidity
• Present only in plant cells

Stage in between mitotic cycles

Cells are carrying on activities other than reproduction such as DNA replication, centrioles dividing, proteins production

Longest period of the complete cell cycle

• Chromosomes become visible (coil to become chromatids)
• Nucleolus fades

Chromosomes aligns down center of cell (metaphase plate)

Sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes

Chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles

• Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles
• Spindle fibers pulled them apart disappear
• Nucleoli reappear, chromosomes now surrounded by new nuclei

• In Plants...
• Formation of new cell plate
• Formation of new cell wall

Process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells

It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis

• 1 of 2 identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome
• Joined at their centromeres
• For the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis)

Called Sister Chromatids when joined by the centromeres

Called Daughter Chromosomes when they separate during anaphase of mitosis & anaphase 2 of meiosis

• Large organelle in center of cell
• Double membrane with pores
• Contains cell's genetic material
• Directs activities of the cell

• Small body within nucleus
• Produces ribosomes that move into cytoplasm to make proteins

Nucleus vs cytoplasm division

• germ cell
• sperm or oocyte

• Part 1 of Interphase in cell life
• Cell is metabolically active
• Organelles are duplicating
• Centrosome replication begins

• DNA dobule helix unwinds
• messenger RNA created, takes info to ribisomes

• Part 2 of Interphase in cell life
• DNA is replicated

• Part 3 of Interphase in cell life
• Enzymes & proteins are synthesized
• Centrosome replication completed
• Continued cell groth in preparation for cell division

• Organized structure of DNA & protein found in cells.
• A single piece of coiled DNA
• Contains genes, regulatory elements, other nucleotide sequences.

• The number / appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
• The complete set of chromosomes in a species

Genes

• Mitochondria (inherited from mother only)
• Chloroplast (plants only)

Locus

• Any cell in human NOT involved in gamete formation
• Has 46 chromosomes

• Chromosome pairs with similar length, centromere position, & staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.
• One homologous chromosome is inherited from mother; the other from father.

During meoisis, pair up and DNA can cross over

• Humans have...
• 22 pairs of homologous non-sex chromosomes ( autosomes)
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
• 23 pairs total

• Autosomes
• Sex Chromosome aka Allosome

• Dipold Cells (2n)
• Haploid Cells (n)

• Nuclei
• Zygote

• Autolysis
• - Breakdown of the lysosomal membrane causing lysosomal enzymes to be released
• - Enzymes digest cell's contents

• Autophagy
• - "Self Canabolism"
• - Organelle and cellular contents are taken inside the lysosome and then digested