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Eukarya aka Eukaryote
- More complex & larger than prokaryotes
- Most exist as part of a more complex multicellular organism
- Have nucleus
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Prokaryotic Cell is...
Lack a cell nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
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Cytoplasm
- Rich protein fluid
- Gel like consistency
- Houses organelles
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Nucleoid
- Condensed DNA of a cell
- Contains genes & genetic blueprints for protein formation
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Vesicles
- Small membrane bound sacs within cytoplasm
- Transport proteins in or out of cell
Types of Vesicles: vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes
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Plasmids
Small, circular portions of DNA not associated with nuceloid
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Organelles
- "little organs"
- Each serves unique function within cell
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Lipids are ________ molecules because they have both polar & nonpolar parts
Amphipathic
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Integral membrane proteins that function as water channels
Aquaporins
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Pressure required to maintain equilibrium (no net movement of solvent)
Osmotic Pressure
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by a liquid
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Tonicity is...
- A measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
- (Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic)
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Active Transport
Solutes entering body cells against concentration gradients thus requiring energy
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Numerous short, hair like projections that extend from surface of cell moving fluid along cell’s surface
Cilia
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Flagella
- Move an entire cell in forward motion with tail
- Only example in human body is sperm cell’s tail
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Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- Manufacture proteins for cell from RNA messages
- Small free floating bodies within cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic Reticulum does...
- Moves proteins from one part of a cell to another
- Moves proteins to outside of a cell (secretion)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
- Continuous membrane folded into sacs
- Extends from nuclear envelope (membrane around nucleus) throughout cytoplasm
- Contains ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
- Extends from Rough ER to form network membrane tubules
- Does NOT have ribosomes
- Synthesize fatty acids & steroids (estrogen & testosterone)
- Detox drugs, alcohol, carcinogens
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Golgi Complex
- Flattened membrane sacs (look like pita bread)
- UPS center
- Modify, sort, & package proteins into vesicles for transport to different destinations
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Cisternae
Small flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resemble stack pita bread sac
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Vacuole
Storage unit of cell
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Lysosomes
- Membranen enclosed vesicles
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Recycle worn-out cell structures
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Autophagy
degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery
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Autolysis
Process where lysosomal enzymes destroy the entire cell that contains them
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Peroxisomes (Microbodies)
- An enzyme that contains sacs that break down organic materials
- Abundant in liver (detox alcohol)
- Similar in structure to lysosomes but smaller
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Proteasomes
Destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins continuously
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Mitochondria
- Powerhouse of the cell generating most of the ATP thru aerobic respiration
- Large, kidney-bean shaped
- Have own DNA inherited only by mother
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Cristae
- Series of folds located in inner membrane of the mitochondria
- Site of ATP production
- Enzymes on cristae convert sugar into ATP
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Cellular tracks that during mitosis form mitotic spindle that organizes & segregate chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
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Microtubule organizing centers that help form & organize mitotic spingle during mitosis
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Central fluid filled cavity of mitochondrion
Matrix
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Nuclear Envelope
- Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
- Both membranes are lipid bilayers
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Nuclear Pores
- Openings that extend thru the nuclear envelope
- Each nuclear pore consists of proteins
- Controls the movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm
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Cell Wall
- Cellulose containing cell wall helps give plants cell rigidity
- Present only in plant cells
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Interphase
Stage in between mitotic cycles
Cells are carrying on activities other than reproduction such as DNA replication, centrioles dividing, proteins production
Longest period of the complete cell cycle
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Prophase & Prometaphase
- Chromosomes become visible (coil to become chromatids)
- Nucleolus fades
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Metaphase
Chromosomes aligns down center of cell (metaphase plate)
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Anaphase
Sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes
Chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
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Telophase
- Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles
- Spindle fibers pulled them apart disappear
- Nucleoli reappear, chromosomes now surrounded by new nuclei
- In Plants...
- Formation of new cell plate
- Formation of new cell wall
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Cytokinesis
Process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells
It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis
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Chromatid
- 1 of 2 identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome
- Joined at their centromeres
- For the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
Called Sister Chromatids when joined by the centromeres
Called Daughter Chromosomes when they separate during anaphase of mitosis & anaphase 2 of meiosis
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Nucleus
- Large organelle in center of cell
- Double membrane with pores
- Contains cell's genetic material
- Directs activities of the cell
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Nucleolus
- Small body within nucleus
- Produces ribosomes that move into cytoplasm to make proteins
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Mitosis vs Cytokenesis
Nucleus vs cytoplasm division
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Precursor cell destined to become a gamete
- germ cell
- sperm or oocyte
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G1 Phase
- Part 1 of Interphase in cell life
- Cell is metabolically active
- Organelles are duplicating
- Centrosome replication begins
- DNA dobule helix unwinds
- messenger RNA created, takes info to ribisomes
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S Phase
- Part 2 of Interphase in cell life
- DNA is replicated
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G2 Phase
- Part 3 of Interphase in cell life
- Enzymes & proteins are synthesized
- Centrosome replication completed
- Continued cell groth in preparation for cell division
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Chromosome
- Organized structure of DNA & protein found in cells.
- A single piece of coiled DNA
- Contains genes, regulatory elements, other nucleotide sequences.
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Karyotype
- The number / appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
- The complete set of chromosomes in a species
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Hereditary units containing coded info passed down from parents
Genes
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Most of the DNA of eukaryotic cells are located in the nucleus but small amounts of DNA can be found in the _____ and _____
- Mitochondria (inherited from mother only)
- Chloroplast (plants only)
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Gene's specific location along length of chromosome
Locus
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Somatic Cell
- Any cell in human NOT involved in gamete formation
- Has 46 chromosomes
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Homologous Chromosomes aka Homologs or Homologues are...
- Chromosome pairs with similar length, centromere position, & staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.
- One homologous chromosome is inherited from mother; the other from father.
During meoisis, pair up and DNA can cross over
- Humans have...
- 22 pairs of homologous non-sex chromosomes ( autosomes)
- 1 pair of sex chromosomes
- 23 pairs total
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Chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of the human are called ______ while chromosomes that DO are called ____
- Autosomes
- Sex Chromosome aka Allosome
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Cells with 2 chromosome sets are called ______ while cells with 1 set are called ______
- Dipold Cells (2n)
- Haploid Cells (n)
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Fertilization is the union of the ______ of sperm & egg. Fertilized egg is also called a ______
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Autolysis vs Autophagy
- Autolysis
- - Breakdown of the lysosomal membrane causing lysosomal enzymes to be released
- - Enzymes digest cell's contents
- Autophagy
- - "Self Canabolism"
- - Organelle and cellular contents are taken inside the lysosome and then digested
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