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Pruritis
Severe itching which is subjective data a symptom of skin problem or general disease process (Cancer, jaundice or DM)
Tx: Antipruitics (Benedryl), therapeutic baths.
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Angioedema
Gross swelling of lips, eyes, larynx. (Which can lead to resp. distress)
Tx: antihistamines, Epinephrine
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Eczema
Small vesicles of red, itchy skin, vesicles burst, ooze and crust forms. (Cause by stress, hereditary, allergies, irritant contact, etc.)
Tx: antihistamines, wet dressings, bath, anti-inflammatory
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Scabies
Parasites move from person to person and are mostly found between fingers and toes. (burrows in the skin)
Causes severe itching which can become infected
Tx: Kwell lotion/shampoo
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Shingles (Herpes-Zoster)
caused by chicken pox virus (Varicella)
s/s: pruritis, intense pain, malaise and usually affects only one side of the body (rash lasts 3-4 days)
CONTACT ISOLATION
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Herpes Simplex One
Fever blisters and cold sores that last up to a week
CONTACT ISOLATION
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Seborrhea (Dandruff)
Dry flakes on scalp or cheese-like plugs
Tx: Shampoos (Selsan Blue)
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Seborrhic Dermatitis
Excess sebacious drainage, scales, or cheese-like plugs on the body.
s/s: yellowish greasy scales.
Tx: no cure; steroids, low FAT diet, sunlight, exercise.
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Psoriasis
no known causes
s/s: red patches-silvery scales-that shed constantly
Tx: wet drgs, salicylic acid, steroids, sun, Vit A
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Intertrigo
Inflammation of the skin where two surfaces touch. (ex: axillary, abdomen, legs, etc)
Tx: decrease friction, keep clean
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Candidiasis
fungal infection casued by yeast (mouth, vagina,colostomy site)
Tx: antifungal cream, wet compress, Nystatin.
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Verruca (warts)
small flesh/brown colored papules cause by HPV.
Tx: ketolytic agents, liquid nitrogen, electrodesication (scrape and suction)
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Carbuncle
Cluster of boils
Tx: warm wet dressing, lance.
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ABCDE
- Asymmetry
- Borders (irregular)
- Color (uneven)
- Diameter (large)
- Elevation (raised)
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Rule of Nines for burns
- head= 9%
- ant/post torso =36%
- ant/post arms (both)= 18%
- groin= 1%
- ant/post legs (both) = 18%
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1st degree burns
burns the epidermis and causes the dermis to swell
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2nd degree burns
Superficial partial- burns the first and second layer of skin
Deep partial- burns deeper skin layers
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3rd degree burns
Injures all layers of the skin and the tissue underneath.
Can destroy fats and muscles.
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4th degree burns
burns extend thru the skin down to the muscles, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels and bones.
Seen in nuclear radiation and usually fatal
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Healing of burns in 4 stages
- 1. neurogenic shock (airway)
- 2. fluid loss (foley and I&O's)
- 3. infection
- 4. repair (graft)
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Burns treatment
- Silvadene
- Silver Nitrate
- Debridement
- Grafting
- Diet high in CAL, PRO, Vit C
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Burn complications
- Infection
- G.I. disturbance
- Hypostatic pneumonic
- Kidney failure
- Anemia
- Decubitus
- Contractures
- Low Self- Esteem
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Conductive hearing disorder
Affects the bone in the middle ear; sound waves are blocked as they move thru the auditory canal or middle ear and cant reach the inner ear. (cause by disease or malformation/damage to outer or inner ear).
s/s: muffle or faint sound, may have earache or discharge.
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Sensorineural hearing disorder
Sound waves are conducted normally, but the messages are not transmitted properly to the brain. (caused by head injuries, old age, loud noises, hereditary, etc.)
s/s: sounds are muffled or distorted, high tones are inaudible, dizziness or nausea and ringing or buzzing noise.
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Central hearing disorders
Sound signals are transmitted normally but interupted incorrectly by the brain (caused by damage or malfuction to the brain).
s/s: communication difficulties, difficulty hearing speech in a noisy enviroment
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Ear irrigation
temp is 98.6; aseptic technique unless tympanic membrane is damaged
pt should lie on the affected side for 5 minutes (excess fluid should flow by gravity)
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Vertigo
feeling of being "rotated" when you are not. (caused by viral infection, otitis media, migraine, labrynthitis, stroke, tumor or MS)
s/s: dizziness, N/V
Tx: Antibiotics, Antivert, Klonopin, Phenergran, Radiation or Surgery
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External otitis (swimmers ear)
Chronic external ear inflammation caused by prolonged exposure to water.
- Tx: Antibiotics, antifungals, ear plugs
- Prevention: Acetic Acid (Alcohol/Vingear solution)
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Fungal infections
Occurs in warm, damp climates especially when auditory canal hasn't been completely dried; fungus grows
Tx: ear drops, antifungal meds, alcohol and glycerin, long term treatment
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Perforated tympanic membrane
caused by extremely loud noises, internal infection and increased pressure.
Tx: depends on the amount of damage, heals spontaneously or myringotomy
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Serous otitis media
Fluid collects in the middle ear as a result of obstruction of Eustachian Tube (infection, allergy, tumor or change in altititude)
s/s: crackling sensation, fullness in ear or hearing loss
Tx: myringotomy
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Acute purulent otitis media
Pus collects in the tympanic membrane
s/s: inflamed or bulging tympanic membrane, fever, HA, hearing impaired.
Tx: myringotomy to prevent rupture of eardrum.
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Complications of purulent otits media
- 1. otitis media
- 2. mastoiditis
- 3. meningitis
- 4. brain abscess
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Chronic otitis media
Associated with punctured ear drum or complications of acute otitis media.
s/s: ringing of the ear, drainage, HA, N/V, pain, increased temp, chills and dizziness.
Tx: antibiotics and mastoidectomy may be necessary
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Myringectomy
A surgical incision is made into the tympanic membrane to drain the fluid from the ear and tubes are placed in the ear to drain excess fluid which releases pressure and pain.
Post op: small cotton ball in ear (do not plug tightly), antibiotics, rest and adequate diet
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Polyethyline tubes (PE tubes)
placed in eardrums and allows continuous drainage from the middle ear.
post op: do not put water into ears.
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Tympanoplasty
Reconstruction of the middle ear to preserve vital parts with less impairment of hearing (reconstruction of bones).
done instead of radical mastoidectomy
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Otosclerosis
bony fixations of stapes which interfers with vibrations of stapes.
s/s: tinnitus, slow loss of hearing
Tx: surgery (stapidectomy)
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Stapedectomy
Stapes removed and replaced by a small piece of wire or plastic piston
post op: watch for injury potential, do not blow nose violently, no water in ears, back to normal activity in 2 weeks.
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Mastoidectomy
Removal of infected mastoid cells and to ensure drainage.
(mastoid bone contains facial nerve and inner ear).
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Fenestration
Constructing a new window to replace natural window that connects the middle ear to the inner ear so that vibrations can be carried.
post op: instruct pt to move slowly (may have N/V), hearing takes 4-6 weeks to improve and avoid blowing nose.
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Meniere's syndrome
Disturbance of semi-circular canals in the inner ear (cause is excess fluid).
s/s: vertigo, n/v, fall risk, hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness
Tx: Benadryl, Dramamine, antihistamine, antiemetic, sedatives, tranquilizers, bedrest, low Na diet, fluid restriction, omit ETOH, caffeine and smoking.
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Blepharitis
Chronic inflammatory process of the eyelid (common cause is bacteria, Staph, allergies)
s/s: red inflammed crust like scales at the base of the lid, may or may not burn or itch.
Tx: no cure; keep eyelids clean, warm compress, topical antibiotic ointment
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Hordeolum (stye)
Infection of the eyelid that starts at the hair follicle or sebacious gland.
s/s: pain, red, swelling, rupture with discharge.
Tx: usually clears up on own, don't touch, hot wet compress, antibiotics.
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Conjuntivitis
inflammation of conjunctiva (spread by droplet)
s/s: pain, redness, swelling, lacrimation
Tx: hot moist compress, no corticosteroids and do not cover.
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Keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
iritis- if it invades iris
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Corneal ulcer
caused by improper cleaning of contact lenses, prolonged wearing of contacts or presence of a foreign body
s/s: pain, tearing, photophobia, eye appears bloodshot
Tx: rest the eye, eye irrigation with antibioitcs and warm compresses, mydriatic drops (atropine), corneal transplant, PCN and cortisone
N/I: wear dark glasses and do not wear contacts
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Snellen chart
common eye test used for error in vision (20 feet)
test one eye at a time
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Myopia
Nearsightedness
Tx: glasses, radial keratotomy and laser
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Hyperopia
far sightedness
Tx: convex corrected lenses
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Astigmatism
caused by irregular shaped cornea or lining
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Glaucoma
FIncreased production of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber or interference of flow of aqueous humor from the chamber.
s/s: Impaired/decreased peripheral vision, blurred or cloudy vision, halos around lights and objects.
Tx: surgery, myotics (pilocarpine, eserine and systemic diuretics)
N/I: no tight clothing, avoid worry and stress, NO ATROPINE, and decrease tension or physical exertion
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Retinal detachment
Seperation (partial or complete) of the retina from the choroid.
Tx: Mydriatic meds, surgery, photocoagulation and injection of liquid silicone
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Retinopathy
Any non-inflammatory, pathological changes/disease of the retina.
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