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In Mendel's studies with peas all characters observed had only two traits. He figured that there was complete dominance between the two factors responsible to produce those traits. This is because:
One of the alleles is dominant over the other.
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An individual Tt:
A expresses only the recessive trait
B may express either the dominant or the recessive trait
C is heterozygous dominant
D expresses only the dominant trait
D Expresses only the dominant trait (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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A true-breeding individual:
A. is always homozygous dominant
B. is always homozygous recessive
C. is always heterozygous
D. is always homozygous
D. is always homozygous (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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There is a gene for flower color where the dominant allele F is blue and the recessive allele f is white. What is this individual's genotype? Ff
Heterozygous
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What is the genotypic ratio (HH:Hh:hh) resulting from the following cross: HhxHh?
1:2:1
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What is the phenotypic ratio resulting from the following cross: HhxHh?
3:1
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A disease that is caused by an allele from a gene in chromosome 10 in humans is:
an autosomal disease
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When Mendel did not know the genotype of a plant, he would cross it with a homozygous recessive plant and observe the phenotypic ratio of the offspring. He called this:
A test cross
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Mendel's Law of Segregation states that:
alleles segregate into different gametes independant on the genotype
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The Law of Independent Assortment states that:
Genes assort independent of other genes
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The Law of Independent Assortment does not apply to:
Linked genes in general
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Considering two genes that are not located in the same chromosome what are the possible types of gametes produced by an individual RrFf?
RF, Rf, rF, rf
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Which gametes could be produced by an individual RrFf if these two genes are located in the same chromosome?
RF, rf
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What are the 5 conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
- Mutations do not occur
- Mating is random
- No migration in or out
- Population is infinitely large
- Natural selection does not occur
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Genetic drift differs from Natural Selection because:
Genetic drift is due to chance and may not necessarily result in the survival of the fittest individuals
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When Norway rats and roof rats interbreed, the resulting embryo does not develop into a fetus. This is an example of:
Hybrid inviability
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Coccus Bacteria
Spherical or elliptical
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Bacillus Bacteria
Rod shaped
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Spirillum Bacteria
Form of helix or spiral
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Gram Stain
- Differences in cell wall
- Gram-Positive ends up purple
- Gram-Negative ends up pink
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Transformation
Acquisition of fragments of DNA from surroundings
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Transduction
DNA fragments are transferred via viruses
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Conjugation
Piece of DNA is transferred from one cell to another
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Evironmental and Economical Importance of Bacteria
- Nutrient Cycle
- Photosynthesis
- Fermented food
- Production of vitamins, chemicals, and proteins
- Sewage treatment
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Algae
- Photosynthetic
- Examples:
- Dinoflagellates
- Diatoms
- Seaweeds
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Dinoflagellates
- Two flagella
- Produce bioluminescence
- Red tide
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Seaweeds
- Green Algae
- Red Algae
- Brown Algae
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Slime molds
- Body resembles that of fungus
- Engulf food
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Water Molds
- Diploid body as opposed to haploid body in fungi
- Cell wall contains cellulose instead of chitin
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Diploid Cells
Carry two alleles of each gene
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Situations in which Mendel's probabilities do not apply
- Linked genes
- Crossing over
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Sexual dimorphism
- Males and females appear different
- Fome differences make a male more obvious to predators
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Sexual selection
- Type of natural selection
- Results from variation in the ability to obtain mates
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Linnaeus
- Gave scientific names to species
- Hierarchical system of classification
- Based on morphology
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Mayr
- Biological species concept
- Considered reproduction and genetics
- Example is a Mule
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Ecological isolation
- Different environments
- example- ladybugs feed on different plants
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Temporal isolation
- Active or fertile at different times
- Field crickets mature at different rates
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Behavioral isolation
- Different activities
- Frog mating calls differ
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Mechanical isolation
- Mating organs or pollinators incompatible
- Sage species use different pollinators
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Gametic isolation
- Gametes cannot unite
- Sea urchin gametes incompatible
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Hybrid inviability
- Hybrid offspring fail to reach maturity
- Hybrid eucalyptusseeds and seedlings not viable
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Hybrid infertility
- Hybrid offspring unable to reproduce
- Liger infertile
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Hybrid Breakdown
- Second generation hybrid offspring have reduced fitness
- Offspring of hybrid mosquitoes have abnormal genitalia
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Modern extinctions
20-200 extinctions per year per million species
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Phylogenies
- Depict relationships based on evolution
- Use multiple lines of evidence
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Cladistics
- Defines groups by distinguishing between ancestral and derived characters
- Builds on the concept of homology
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Homologous structures
inherited from a common ancestor
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Ancestral character
Inherited attributes that resemble those of the ancestor of a group
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Derived character
Features that are different from those found in the group's ancestor
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